linux: added debian an apt (minor and major) upgrades

wiki/linux/debian.md

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# Debian
+
+[Debian](https://www.debian.org/) is a free and open-source [Linux](/wiki/linux.md) distribution.
+
+## Usage
+
+This section addresses the usage of Debian specific tasks.
+
+### Retrieve Debian Version
+
+The current version of a Debian system can be retrieved by running the following command.
+
+```sh
+cat /etc/os-release
+```
+
+### Upgrading to a Higher Major Version
+
+If the user of the system to perform a major version upgrade on is using [Docker](/wiki/docker.md)
+some additional steps have to be taken before the upgrade.
+It is generally recommended to hold the Docker upgrade and performing it later.
+For this reason the following command has to be run first.
+
+```sh
+apt-mark hold docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
+```
+
+The first step for a major upgrade usually is
+[retrieving the current version](#retrieve-debian-version).
+Afterward the packages of the current major release version have to be
+[upgrading](/wiki/linux/package_manager.md#debian-updating-upgrading) using APTs `full-upgrade`
+option.
+Then a reboot is recommended.
+
+After restarting APT needs to be assigned new sources.
+This can be done by editing the file `/etc/apt/sources.list` and replacing everything within with
+the new sources.
+For Debians 12th version called bookworm this lines to add are the following.
+
+```txt
+deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main contrib non-free
+deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates main contrib non-free
+deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free
+```
+
+Following this a [full upgrade](/wiki/linux/package_manager.md#debian-updating-upgrading) has to be
+performed.
+Sometimes this process asks if the user wants to replace the local configuration files with newer
+ones.
+It is generally recommended to select `N` and reject these new configurations.
+
+Finally another reboot is needed and the version number can be
+[checked again](#retrieve-debian-version) confirming that the major version upgrade was
+successfully performed.
+
+When the system ran Docker and its upgrade was put on hold as described at the start of this
+section the following commands have to be run to finalize the major upgrade, take Docker from the
+hold list and upgrade it.
+
+```sh
+apt-mark unhold docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
+apt update
+apt install --only-upgrade docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
+```

wiki/linux/package_manager.md

@@ -2,6 +2,45 @@
 
 Package managers are important programs to get software onto your system.
 
+## Debian & Debian-Based Systems: APT
+
+In [Debian](/wiki/linux/debian.md) the APT package manager is used.
+It is also used for various Debian-based distributions.
+
+### Debian: Usage
+
+This section addresses various usages of the APT package manager.
+
+#### Debian: Updating & Upgrading
+
+This section addresses the updating of all packages managed by APT.
+To update the packages it is recommended to first update the package list with the following
+command.
+
+```sh
+apt update
+```
+
+Afterwards there are two possible update types without changing the major release version.
+
+The following command - `upgrade` - updates the packages only if no new or previously removed dependencies are
+needed.
+It is generally used for day-to-day updating without bigger jumps between versions.
+
+```sh
+apt upgrade
+```
+
+The other option is `full-upgrade` which was previously also known as `dist-upgrade`.
+This command will also install, remove and replace dependencies if it is needed to update the
+package.
+It is mostly used for bigger updates like Kernel or release upgrade without changing the major
+version.
+
+```sh
+apt full-upgrade
+```
+
 ## Arch Linux: Pacman and Yay
 
 In [Arch Linux](/wiki/linux/arch-linux.md) there are 2 main types of