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mirror of https://github.com/tiyn/wiki.git synced 2026-09-13 18:41:35 +02:00

Restructuring: Fixed links

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2026-04-03 09:12:03 +02:00
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commit f4181c2c3d
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@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
This guide is based upon a
[german arch wiki article](https://wiki.archlinux.de/title/Installation_mit_UEFI_und_Verschl%C3%BCsselung).
For encryption [dm-crypt](../dm-crypt.md) is used.
For encryption [dm-crypt](/wiki/linux/dm-crypt.md) is used.
Inside the encrypted partition a logical volume will be created with
[LVM](../lvm.md).
[LVM](/wiki/linux/lvm.md).
At the end of this guide a fully functional Arch Linux will be installed.
@@ -235,8 +235,8 @@ This can easily be done by using `nmtui`.
Now you can follow the recommended larbs installation script of this wiki
(`curl -LO larbs.sh https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tiyn/larbs/master/larbs.sh`)
this will install a bunch of useful base software including
[a graphical environment](../x_window_system.md) and
[a window manager](../suckless.md#programs).
[a graphical environment](/wiki/linux/x_window_system.md) and
[a window manager](/wiki/linux/suckless.md).
You can go on to other guides aswell.
Especially the
[Recommended practices](/wiki/linux/arch-linux.md#recommended-practices)
@@ -247,11 +247,11 @@ This is discussed in
[the package manager entry](/wiki/linux/package_manager/pacman_and_aur.md#error-during-updating-is-marginal-trust).
Additionally if you have a NVidia Graphics Cards you should read
[the NVidia article](../nvidia.md) too.
[the NVidia article](/wiki/linux/nvidia.md) too.
If you are interested in automatic decryption of the dm-crypt encrypted
partition, take a look at the according section in
[the dm-crypt article](../dm-crypt.md).
[the dm-crypt article](/wiki/linux/dm-crypt.md).
After installing [xorg windows system](/wiki/linux/x_window_system.md) the language of it will be
english by default.

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@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ For non-Linux specific audio software navigate to the corresponding
A sound server is software that manages use and access of audio devices.
The following is a list of available sound servers.
- [PulseAudio](./pulseaudio.md) is the go-to sound server program used for
linux.
- [Pipewire](./pipewire.md) is a modern graph based sound server.
- [PulseAudio](/wiki/linux/pulseaudio.md) is the go-to sound server program used for
linux.
- [Pipewire](/wiki/linux/pipewire.md) is a modern graph based sound server.
## Noise cancellation

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@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
# Date
`date` is a program to show and edit the date and time of a system.
To change the hardware clock look at the [according article](./hwclock.md)
To change the hardware clock look at the [according article](/wiki/linux/hwclock.md)
## Display time and date

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@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
# Disk Management
This article focusses on non-LVM and non-MDADM storage including swap.
For [LVM](lvm.md), [NTFS](./ntfs.md), [Samba](./samba.md), [MDADM](./mdadm.md) and [LUKS volumes](./dm-crypt.md) there
are separate entries.
This article focuses on non-LVM and non-MDADM storage including swap.
For [LVM](/wiki/linux/lvm.md), [NTFS](/wiki/linux/ntfs.md), [Samba](/wiki/linux/samba.md),
[MDADM](/wiki/linux/mdadm.md) and [LUKS volumes](/wiki/linux/dm-crypt.md) there are separate
entries.
## Usage
This section focusses on various usages for disk management related topics.
This section focuses on various usages for disk management related topics.
### Increasing Swap File Size
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ free -h
Then the swap file can be changed using the following commands.
`<location>` is the location of the swap file (for example `/swap.img`).
`<size>` describes the new size of the swap file (for example `16G`)
`<size>` describes the new size of the swap file (for example `16G`).
```sh
swapoff <location>
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ mkswap <location>
swapon <location>
```
Finally the swap can be checked again to confirm that it is online and has the correct size
Finally, the swap can be checked again to confirm that it is online and has the correct size.
```sh
swapon --show
@@ -57,11 +58,10 @@ cat /mnt/usb1/tmp | pv > /dev/zero
### Universally Unique identifier
Universally Unique identifier (UUID) are identifiers for informations on
computer systems.
Most notably they are used to identify file systems.
This way the UUID of a file system can be used to identify and
[mount it](#mounting) persistently and correctly.
Universally Unique identifier (UUID) are identifiers for information on computer systems.
Most notably they are used, to identify file systems.
This way the UUID of a file system can be used to identify and [mount it](#mounting) persistently
and correctly.
By listing the directory `/dev/disk/by-partuuid` all mappings of devices to a
UUID are displayed.
@@ -72,23 +72,27 @@ Mounting a file system makes the files of it accessible to the user.
The command `mount` is used to manually and temporarily mount file systems.
Automatic mounting is done by changing the file `/etc/fstab`.
The exact guide on how to mount specific file systems can be found in their
respecitive wiki entries.
The following describes the general basics of mounting temporarily and
persistently.
The exact guide on how to mount specific file systems can be found in their respective wiki
entries.
The following describes the general basics of mounting temporarily and persistently.
The basic mount command for temporarily accessing a file system is the
following:
`mount <path to partition> <path to mount point>`
All partitions can be found at `/dev` and the standard mount point is `/mnt` and
its subfolders.
The basic mount command for temporarily accessing a file system is the following.
```sh
mount <path to partition> <path to mount point>
```
All partitions can be found at `/dev` and the standard mount point is `/mnt` and its subfolders.
For automatic mounting the following line has to be adapted and added to the file `/etc/fstab`.
```txt
<specified partition> <path to mount point> <file system> <additional options> <dump flag> <fsck order>
```
For automatic mounting the following line has to be adapted and added to the
file `/etc/fstab`
`<specified partition> <path to mount point> <file system> <additional options> <dump flag> <fsck order>`
The partition can be specified by [UUID](#universally-unique-identifier).
The file system varies and a file system specific guide on how to mount them
can be found in their respective entries.
The file system varies and a file system specific guide on how to mount them can be found in their
respective entries.
The dump flag signals if the file system should be dumped.
The `fsck` order signals if a file system should be checked at boot.
Boot partitions should be flagged with a `1` for this reason, otherwise `0`.
@@ -113,33 +117,30 @@ In the following it is assumed that the disk is `/dev/sda`
- create a primary partition (ext4 format) with `mkpart primary 2048s 100%`
- `quit` parted
`<path to partition>` points to the partition that will be enlarged (for
example `/dev/sda2`).
`<path to partition>` points to the partition that will be enlarged (for example `/dev/sda2`).
### Grow non-LVM partition
ATTENTION: Please note that the partition to enlarge has to be the last one with
the free space after it.
Please note that the partition to enlarge has to be the last one with the free space after it.
In the following it is assumed that the partition to enlarge is `/dev/sda2`
- change the size of the partition with `parted /dev/sda`
- inside of parted run `print free` and check where the free space after your
partition ends
- run `resizepart` and follow the instructions; End is the number you checked in
the last step (alternatively you can insert `100%` as end, if you want to add all
the available free space to the partition)
partition ends
- run `resizepart` and follow the instructions; End is the number you checked in the last step
(alternatively you can insert `100%` as end, if you want to add all the available free space to
the partition)
- `quit` parted
Afterwards the file system need to be resized as described in a
[later section](#growing-a-file-system).
Afterward, the file system needs to be resized as described in the
[corresponding section](#growing-a-file-system).
### Growing a File System
A file system can easily be resized if free space is available on the partition
it is stored in.
A file system can easily be resized if free space is available on the partition it is stored in.
The free space has to be placed behind the partition.
This can be done by running the following command:
This can be done by running the following command.
```sh
sudo resize2fs <path to partition>
@@ -150,20 +151,20 @@ sudo resize2fs <path to partition>
To shrink a file system the `resize2fs` command will be used aswell as `e2fsck`.
First the file system needs to be checked for size aswell as data distribution.
This can be done using the command `sudo e2fsck -f <path to partition>`.
`<path to partition>` directs to the volume whose file system should be
shrinked - for example `/dev/sda1`.
It has to be the same for the next step aswell.
Afterwards the file system can be shrinked with the command
`<path to partition>` directs to the volume whose file system should be shrinked - for example
`/dev/sda1`.
It has to be the same for the next step as well.
Afterward, the file system can be shrunken with the command
`sudo resize2fs <path to partition> <new size of the file system>`.
`<new size of the file system>` is the size that the file system will be
shrunken to in the usual notation (for example `12G`).
`<new size of the file system>` is the size that the file system will be shrunken to in the usual
notation (for example `12G`).
Especially for large file systems this might take a while.
### Clearing System Trash Bin
The system trash bin by default can be found at `~/.local/share/Trash`.
The system moves deleted files there automatically.
It can be deleted by hand, deleting all files from the subdirectories of the trash folder
It can be deleted by hand, deleting all files from the subdirectories of the trash folder.
Another option is to use the tool `trash-cli` with the command `trash-empty`.
### Removing Unused Files
@@ -190,27 +191,24 @@ usermod -a -G disk $USER
## Error solving
This section addresses various problems that can occur and are related to
disk-management.
This section addresses various problems that can occur and are related to disk-management.
### `sudo: unable to open ... Read-only file system`
Ususally the filesystem will go into read-only mode whe the system is running
and there is a consistency error.
To fix it run:
Ususally the filesystem will go into read-only mode whe the system is running and there is a
consistency error.
To fix it run the following command.
- `sudo fsck -Af -M` - check all filesystems
If `fsck` gets stuck after its version banner:
`fsck from util-linux 2.20.1`
you may want to try using the ext4-specific fsck:
- `sudo fsck -Af -M` - check all filesystems
If `fsck` gets stuck after its version banner (for example `fsck from util-linux 2.20.1`) you
may want to try using the ext4-specific fsck:
- `fsck.ext4 -f /dev/sda1`
### `cannot access: Transport endpoint is not connected`
This error message can occur if a mounted directory is left mounted due to a
crash of the filesystem but not accessible anymore.
This error can be fixed and the directory made accessible again by running the
following command.
This error message can occur if a mounted directory is left mounted due to a crash of the
file system but not accessible anymore.
This error can be fixed and the directory made accessible again by running the following command.
```sh
fusermount -u <path to mount point>

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@@ -1,57 +1,59 @@
# Dislocker
[Dislocker](https://github.com/Aorimn/dislocker) is a driver to read and write
Bitlocker-ed volumes under Linux systems.
[Dislocker](https://github.com/Aorimn/dislocker) is a driver to read and write Bitlocker encrypted
volumes under Linux systems.
## Setup
On most of the Linux distributions Dislocker is bundled with the `dislocker`
package.
The installation of the `mbedtls2` package as an open-source TLS library can be
of use.
On most of the Linux distributions Dislocker is bundled with the `dislocker` package.
The installation of the `mbedtls2` package as an open-source TLS library can be of use.
## Usage
### Manual Mounting of Bitlocker Partition
For the [mounting](/wiki/linux/disk-management.md#mounting) to work two directories
are required.
For the [mounting](/wiki/linux/disk-management.md#mounting) to work two directories are required.
One to mount the `dislocker-file` (`/mnt/bitlocker`) and one to mount the
[windows volume](/wiki/linux/ntfs.md#manual-mounting) (`/mnt/windows`).
The device which holds the windows partition is assumed to be calles
`/dev/sdc1`.
The device which holds the windows partition is assumed to be calles `/dev/sdc1`.
The following command mounts the `dislocker` file to `/mnt/bitlocker`.
Make sure to replace the password in the following command.
There is no gap between the `-u` and the password:
`sudo dislocker /dev/sdc1 -u<password> -- /mnt/bitlocker`.
If the Bitlocker partition is set up using a `.BEK` file then the follwing
command takes the path to the file in:
`sudo dislocker /dev/sdb2 -f <path to bek-file> -- /mnt/bitlocker`
Alternatively a recovery key can be used:
`sudo dislocker /dev/sdc1 -p<recovery password> -- /mnt/bitlocker`.
There is no gap between the `-u` and the password.
Afterwards the `dislocker-file` can be mounted to the `/mnt/windows` directory
or another mount point as described in the
[NTFS entry](/wiki/linux/ntfs.md#manual-mounting).
```sh
sudo dislocker /dev/sdc1 -u<password> -- /mnt/bitlocker
```
If the Bitlocker partition is set up using a `.BEK` file then the following
command takes the path to the file in.
```sh
sudo dislocker /dev/sdb2 -f <path to bek-file> -- /mnt/bitlocker
```
Alternatively a recovery key can be used.
```sh
sudo dislocker /dev/sdc1 -p<recovery password> -- /mnt/bitlocker
```
Afterward, the `dislocker-file` can be mounted to the `/mnt/windows` directory or another mount
point as described in the [NTFS entry](/wiki/linux/ntfs.md#manual-mounting).
### Automatic Mounting at Boot
Using [fstab](/wiki/linux/disk-management.md#mounting) the partition encrypted with
Bitlocker can be automatically mounted.
Using [fstab](/wiki/linux/disk-management.md#mounting) the partition encrypted with Bitlocker can
be automatically mounted.
The following lines have to be adapted and written into
[`/etc/fstab`](/wiki/linux/disk-management.md#mounting).
In this case the intermediary dislocker file `dislocker-file` is mounted to
`/mnt/bitlocker`.
In this case the intermediary dislocker file `dislocker-file` is mounted to `/mnt/bitlocker`.
```txt
UUID=<partition uuid> /mnt/bitlocker fuse.dislocker bekfile=<path to bek-file>,nofail 0 0
```
After that a line to mount the `dislocker-file` as a [NTFS](./ntfs.md) partition
has to be added as described in
[the NTFS entry](/wiki/linux/ntfs.md#automatic-mounting).
In this case the specified partition to mount is
`/mnt/bitlocker/dislocker-file`.
The mount point can be chosen according to preference - for example
`/mnt/windows`.
After that a line to mount the `dislocker-file` as a [NTFS](/wiki/linux/ntfs.md) partition has to
be added as described in [the NTFS entry](/wiki/linux/ntfs.md#automatic-mounting).
In this case the specified partition to mount is `/mnt/bitlocker/dislocker-file`.
The mount point can be chosen according to preference - for example `/mnt/windows`.

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@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ dd bs=512 count=4 if=/dev/random of=<path to destination>
```
It is possible to increase the length to get a stronger key file.
Alternatively strong LUKS keys can be created using [OpenSSL](./openssl.md)
Alternatively strong LUKS keys can be created using [OpenSSL](/wiki/linux/openssl.md)
using a bitlength of 4096:
`openssl genrsa -out <path to destination> 4096`.
The key file will then be saved to `<path to destination>`.
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Open the encrypted volume:
Now resize the encrypted volume to all available space of the partition.
If the encrypted volume should not be extended to the whole partition
or the partition is too small for its intended purposes, make sure to resize the
partition first accordingly (see [disk management](./disk-management.md)).
partition first accordingly (see [disk management](/wiki/linux/disk-management.md)).
`cryptsetup resize crypt-volume`
### Open/Close an Encrypted Volume
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ Afterwards it can be closed by running `cryptsetup close /dev/mapper/crypt0`.
### Creating/Add a USB Decryption Key
This guide assumes an Arch Linux System, as installed in
[this wikis arch linux installation](./arch-linux/installation.md).
[this wikis arch linux installation](/wiki/linux/arch-linux/installation.md).
This section is based on entries from the
[arch linux forum](https://forum.archlinux.de/d/28886-systementschluesselung-per-usb-stick).
It uses a similar technique to the decryption of the encrypted volume via

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@@ -1,21 +1,22 @@
# Easyeffects
# EasyEffects
[Easyeffects](https://github.com/wwmm/easyeffects) is a free and open-source GUI-software for
[EasyEffects](https://github.com/wwmm/easyeffects) is a free and open-source GUI-software for
applying sound effects and filters on input and output audio streams.
Easyeffects uses [Pipewire](./pipewire.md) as [sound server](/wiki/linux/audio.md#sound-server).
EasyEffects uses [Pipewire](/wiki/linux/pipewire.md) as
[sound server](/wiki/linux/audio.md#sound-server).
## Setup
Easyeffects can be installed on most distributions by installing the `easyeffects` package.
An installation via [Flatpak](./flatpak.md) is also possible.
EasyEffects can be installed on most distributions by installing the `easyeffects` package.
An installation via [Flatpak](/wiki/linux/flatpak.md) is also possible.
## Usage
Easyeffects can apply `Effects` to input and output sound.
EasyEffects can apply `Effects` to input and output sound.
### Autostart
Easyeffects can be started in various ways.
EasyEffects can be started in various ways.
The service can be started including the window with the following.
It will have to be called each startup.
@@ -62,11 +63,10 @@ WantedBy=graphical-session.target
### Noise cancellation
Setup
Noise cancellation can be achieved by installing Easyeffects.
Noise cancellation can be achieved by installing EasyEffects.
Make sure to check the box `Process all Inputs` and `Process all Outputs` to route everything
through `easyeffects`.
Make log out of your system afterwards.
Make log out of your system afterward.
To enable noise cancellation navigate `Inputs` and click `Plugins`.
After that click `Add Plugin` and select `Noise Reduction`.

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@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
# flac (Package)
This article describes the `flac` package on linux.
For the audio codec see the [flac entry](../flac_(codec).md)
`flac` is a package to work with the [flac codec](../flac_(codec).md).
For the audio codec see the [flac entry](/wiki/flac_%28codec%29.md)
`flac` is a package to work with the [flac codec](/wiki/flac_%28codec%29.md).
## Setup
On most distributions it is bundled together with the command line tagging
software `metaflac` and other auxiliary tools in the `flac` package.
Another possible tagging software is [MusicBrainz Picard](../picard.md)
Another possible tagging software is [MusicBrainz Picard](/wiki/picard.md)
## Usage
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ According to a
[Reddit comment by berdmayne](https://www.reddit.com/r/foobar2000/comments1m3634l/best_way_to_reduce_flac_file_size_without_losing)
the compression rates of the different levels are the following.
| Level | Saving to level 0 | Saving to previous level |
| ---------------- | ------------------- | ------------------------ |
| 0 (uncompressed) | 0.0% | |

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@@ -9,17 +9,16 @@
We will use `/dev/sdb` as our drive.
Setup the disk for the physical volume with `sgdisk -N 1 /dev/sdb`.
Then create the physical volume `pvcreate /dev/sdb`.
The previous step can come to a halt when the device already contains an old
partition table and will display the error `Device /dev/sdb excluded by a filter`.
The previous step can come to a halt when the device already contains an old partition table and
will display the error `Device /dev/sdb excluded by a filter`.
This can be solved by removing the old partition table with `wipefs -a /dev/sdb`.
And finally create the volume group `vgcreate vmdata /dev/sdb`.
Then follow the guide in proxmox on how to connect a `vg` to proxmox.
Then follow the guide in Proxmox on how to connect a `vg` to Proxmox.
### Add Physical Volume to Existing Volume Group
First format the disk so that it has one partition (we will assume its called
`/dev/sdc1`).
To add the partition to a group run:
First format the disk so that it has one partition (we will assume it is called `/dev/sdc1`).
To add the partition to a group run run the following command.
```sh
pvcreate /dev/sdc1
@@ -48,32 +47,31 @@ sudo pvremove <path to physical volume>
To increase the size of a physical volume you have to have free free space
in the partition containing the physical volume.
A guide to change 'normal' partitions can be found in the
[disk management article](./disk-management.md); if you have a volume that is
encrypted with LUKS a guide is available in
[the dm-crypt articel](./dm-crypt.md).
[disk management article](/wiki/linux/disk-management.md); if you have a volume that is encrypted
with LUKS a guide is available in [the dm-crypt articel](/wiki/linux/dm-crypt.md).
To resize the physical volume to the size of the containing volume run:
`pvresize /dev/mapper/<name of physical volume>`
### Increase Size of a Logical Volume
To increase the size of the logical volume you have to have free space in the
according volume group. You can check that by running: `vgdisplay`.
If you don't have enough space you have to resize the physical volume as
described in this article.
Then run:
To increase the size of the logical volume you have to have free space in the according volume
group.
You can check that by running: `vgdisplay`.
If you don't have enough space you have to resize the physical volume as described in this article.
Then run the following command.
```sh
lvextend -L +<size (e.g. 40G)> /dev/<volume groupt>/<logical volume>
```
If you want to allocate all the free space existing in a volume group run:
If you want to allocate all the free space existing in a volume group run the following command.
```sh
lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/<volume group>/<logical volume>
```
Now you need to extend the file system with:
Now you need to extend the file system with the following command.
```sh
resize2fs /dev/<volume group>/<logical volume>
@@ -81,28 +79,25 @@ resize2fs /dev/<volume group>/<logical volume>
### Shrink Size of a Logical Volume
When trying to shrink a logical volume caution is advised as data can easily be
destroyed by mistyping commands of paths.
When trying to shrink a logical volume caution is advised as data can easily be destroyed by
mistyping commands of paths.
This section is based on a guide given by
[telcoM](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/591389/how-to-remove-a-disk-from-an-lvm-partition).
First of all the volumes have to be unmounted and not used by any programs or
services other than the following commands.
First of all the volumes have to be unmounted and not used by any programs or services other than
the following commands.
If the volume to shrink is the root volume it has to be done offline.
For that a simple installation stick is enough.
[The Arch Linux entry](/wiki/linux/arch-linux.md#installation-medium)
describes the creation of such a boot stick.
Afterwards the operating system has to be booted from the just created stick or
a comparable device.
[The Arch Linux entry](/wiki/linux/arch-linux.md#installation-medium) describes the creation of
such a boot stick.
Afterwards the operating system has to be booted from the just created stick or a comparable
device.
For non-root volumes this extra step can be skipped.
The volume group needs to be activated by running the command
`sudo vgchange -ay <volume group>`.
`<volume group>` is the name of the volumegroup that features the logical volume
to shrink.
The volume group needs to be activated by running the command `sudo vgchange -ay <volume group>`.
`<volume group>` is the name of the volumegroup that features the logical volume to shrink.
Then the file system needs to be resized.
For safety reasons make the file system exactly as big or smaller than the
future logical volume.
For safety reasons make the file system exactly as big or smaller than the future logical volume.
The process of shrinking a file system is explained in the
[disk management entry](/wiki/linux/disk-management.md#shrinking-a-file-system).
The partition to shrink in this case is the logical volume.
@@ -110,45 +105,44 @@ This is the only step that needs to be done offline for root volumes.
Rebooting to the root volume at this moment is advised.
The next step will shrink the logical volume itself.
This will be done by running the following command:
This will be done by running the following command.
```sh
sudo lvreduce -L <new size of logical volume> /dev/mapper/<volume group>-<logical volume>
```
Again this statement has to be adapted accordingly.
`new size of logical volume` describes the new size the logical volume will have
after successful completion of the command.
It is important for this to be exactly the same or larger than the size given
into the resizing of the file system with `resize2fs`.
`new size of logical volume` describes the new size the logical volume will have after successful
completion of the command.
It is important for this to be exactly the same or larger than the size given into the resizing of
the file system with `resize2fs`.
### Remove Physical Volume from Volume Group
This section describes the removal of a physical volume from a logical volume.
First the command `vgs <volume group>` has to be run.
`<volume group>` is the name of the volume group belonging to the logical volume
a physical volume should be removed from.
It has to be ensured, that enough free space (`VFree`) on all physical volumes
(except the ones to remove) is available to remove a physical volume from the
volume group.
There has to be equal or more free space than the size (`VSize`) of the physical
volume that will be removed.
`<volume group>` is the name of the volume group belonging to the logical volume a physical volume
should be removed from.
It has to be ensured, that enough free space (`VFree`) on all physical volumes (except the ones to
remove) is available to remove a physical volume from the volume group.
There has to be equal or more free space than the size (`VSize`) of the physical volume that will
be removed.
Otherwise an [earlier section](#shrink-size-of-a-logical-volume) explains how to
shrink a logical volume.
The logical volume has to be shrunk according to the described ration between
`VFree` and `VSize`.
The following command will distribute the contents of a physical volume onto
other physical volumes available:
The following command will distribute the contents of a physical volume onto other physical volumes
available.
```sh
sudo pvmove <path to physical volume>
```
`<path to physical volume>` is the physical volume that will get emptied and
later removed from the logical volume.
Afterwards the physical volume is emptied and can be removed from the logical
volume by running the following command:
`<path to physical volume>` is the physical volume that will get emptied and later removed from the
logical volume.
Afterwards the physical volume is emptied and can be removed from the logical volume by running the
following command.
```sh
sudo vgreduce <logical volume> <path to physical volume>
@@ -157,10 +151,9 @@ sudo vgreduce <logical volume> <path to physical volume>
`<logical volume>` is the name of the logical volume.
After this command the physical volume is no longer a part of it.
If no longer used the empty physical volume can then be removed as described in
the [according section](#remove-physical-volume).
If no longer used the empty physical volume can then be removed as described in the
[according section](#remove-physical-volume).
Afterwards the file system can be matched to the logical volume so it takes up
the full new size.
Afterwards the file system can be matched to the logical volume so it takes up the full new size.
This is explained in the
[entry about disk management](/wiki/linux/disk-management.md#growing-a-file-system).
:wq[entry about disk management](/wiki/linux/disk-management.md#growing-a-file-system).

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
# NTFS
NTFS is the proprietary [file system](./disk-management.md) of Windows.
NTFS is the proprietary [file system](/wiki/linux/disk-management.md) of
[Windows](/wiki/windows.md).
## Setup
@@ -10,29 +11,31 @@ distributions - has to be installed.
## Usage
When [mounting](/wiki/linux/disk-management.md#mounting) a
[Bitlocker encrypted drive](./dislocker.md) there are additional steps that have
to be taken to decrypt the device.
[Bitlocker encrypted drive](/wiki/linux/dislocker.md) there are additional steps that have to be
taken to decrypt the device.
### Manual Mounting
Partitions using NTFS can be mounted on Linux based operating systems by
running the following command:
`mount -t ntfs-3g -o loop <path to partition> <path to mount point>`.
If the partition to mount is bootable or contains a windows system the
hibernation and fast boot have to be disabled to mount the partition with write
access.
Partitions using NTFS can be mounted on Linux based operating systems by running the following
command.
```sh
mount -t ntfs-3g -o loop <path to partition> <path to mount point>
```
If the partition to mount is bootable or contains a windows system the hibernation and fast boot
have to be disabled to mount the partition with write access.
### Automatic Mounting
For the usage of NTFS file systems the `ntfs-3g` package - available on most
distributions - has to be installed.
To [automount partitions](/wiki/linux/disk-management.md#mounting) with NTFS
the following line has to be adapted and added to `/etc/fstab`:
For the usage of NTFS file systems the `ntfs-3g` package - available on most distributions - has to
be installed.
To [automount partitions](/wiki/linux/disk-management.md#mounting) with NTFS the following line has
to be adapted and added to `/etc/fstab`.
```txt
<specified partition> <path to mount point> ntfs-3g nofail,windows_names,big_writes 0 0
```
If the partition to mount is bootable or contains a windows system the
hibernation and fast boot have to be disabled to mount the partition with write
access.
If the partition to mount is bootable or contains a [Windows](/wiki/windows.md) system the
hibernation and fast boot have to be disabled to mount the partition with write access.

View File

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Most configuration and changes require the use of `nvidia-settings`.
In `nvidia-setting` monitors can be dragged and dropped to your liking.
After that you have to save the configuration to the
[X window manager](./x_window_system.md) configuration file
[X window manager](/wiki/linux/x_window_system.md) configuration file
`/etc/X11/xorg.conf`.
### Avoid screen tearing

View File

@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ After that follow the instructions and fill in the fields to your liking.
### Enlarging Disk of a VM
Make sure there is enough disk space available.
For further information see [the disk management article](./disk-management.md)
For further information see [the disk management article](/wiki/linux/disk-management.md)
SSH into Proxmox.
Enlarge a disk by using:

View File

@@ -1,20 +1,19 @@
# RAR (package)
RAR is a package available for many Linux distributions that handles `.rar`
archives of the [RAR algorithm](/wiki/rar_(algorithm).md).
RAR is a package available for many Linux distributions that is handling `.rar` archives of the
[RAR algorithm](/wiki/rar_%28algorithm%29.md).
## Setup
On most distributions the functionalities for creating a `.rar` archive is
bundled in the `rar` package.
On most distributions the functionalities for creating a `.rar` archive is bundled in the `rar`
package.
For extraction a separate package is used called `unrar`.
## Usage
### Extracting a `.rar` archive
A `.rar` archive can be extracted using the `unrar` package with the following
command.
A `.rar` archive can be extracted using the `unrar` package with the following command.
```sh
unrar e <path to .rar file>

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# Samba
[Samba](../samba.md) is the standard Windows interoperability suite for linux
[Samba](/wiki/samba.md) is the standard Windows interoperability suite for linux
and unix.
## Usage

View File

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ shntool can be installed on most distributions by installing the `shntool` packa
### Splitting Audio Files According to a CUE File
An easy way to split audio files according to a [cue file](../cue_sheet.md) is
An easy way to split audio files according to a [cue file](/wiki/cue_sheet.md) is
using `shnsplit`.
Alternatively the interface `cuebreakpoints` can be used which uses `shnsplit`.
Note that some codecs require special setup.

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# SystemD
SystemD is an [init system](./init.md) for Linux systems.
SystemD is an [init system](/wiki/linux/init.md) for Linux systems.
It is used for service configuration and startup.
## Usage
@@ -32,9 +32,8 @@ ExecStart=/bin/bash /root/run.sh
Type=simple
```
For [Proxmox](./proxmox.md) you can add the following line under the `[Unit]`
section to make sure the service is started after Proxmox has finished
initializing.
For [Proxmox](/wiki/linux/proxmox.md) you can add the following line under the `[Unit]` section to
make sure the service is started after Proxmox has finished initializing.
```txt
After=pve-guests.service
@@ -46,8 +45,7 @@ A service that was created this way can then be started as explained in
### Start/Stop/Enable/Disable a service and Retrieve its Logs
Services can be started by running `systemctl start <service-name>`.
They respectively can be stopped by replacing the `start`
keyword for `stop`.
They respectively can be stopped by replacing the `start` keyword for `stop`.
To start the service after boot it has to be enabled.
This works accordingly with the keyword `enable`.
The `disable` keyword stops the service from starting automatically.

View File

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
# V4L2
V4L2 is the second version of
[Video4Linux](https://www.linuxtv.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page).
V4L2 is the second version of [Video4Linux](https://www.linuxtv.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page).
It functions as a driver for [webcams](/wiki/webcam.md) and [tv tuner cards](/wiki/video.md) and
other devices.
@@ -10,17 +9,16 @@ other devices.
The following section is based on a
[gist by ioquatix](https://gist.github.com/ioquatix/18720c80a7f7eb997c19eef8afd6901e).
[v4l2loopback](https://github.com/umlaeute/v4l2loopback) is a utility to create
a virtual video device.
[v4l2loopback](https://github.com/umlaeute/v4l2loopback) is a utility to create a virtual video
device.
One use of it is in [OBS Virtual Camera](/wiki/obs.md#virtual-camera).
### Setup
To use v4l2loopback an according
package needs to be installed.
Some distributions have a package named `v4l2loopback-dkms` in the package
manager, making the manual installation process unnecessary.
Make sure that both `dkms` and `linux-headers` packages are installed aswell.
To use v4l2loopback an according package needs to be installed.
Some distributions have a package named `v4l2loopback-dkms` in the package manager, making the
manual installation process unnecessary.
Make sure that both `dkms` and `linux-headers` packages are installed as well.
### Usage
@@ -28,7 +26,7 @@ This section focusses on various use-cases for the v4l2loopback software.
### Create Temporary V4L2 Devices
v4l2loopback can be manually started by running:
v4l2loopback can be manually started by running the following command.
```sh
modprobe v4l2loopback card_label='V4L2 Loopback' video_nr=7 exclusive_caps=1
@@ -48,10 +46,10 @@ modprobe v4l2loopback card_label='OBS Virtual Camera','IP Webcam' video_nr=7,8 e
### Create Permanent V4L2 Devices
For an automatic start at boot via [SystemD](./systemd.md) a service can be
created - as described in [the SystemD entry](./systemd.md#run-command-on-boot).
For v4l2loopback create the file `/etc/systemd/system/v4l2loopback.service`
containing the following lines:
For an automatic start at boot via [SystemD](/wiki/linux/systemd.md) a service can be created - as
described in [the SystemD entry](/wiki/linux/systemd.md#run-command-on-boot).
For v4l2loopback create the file `/etc/systemd/system/v4l2loopback.service` containing the
following lines.
```txt
[Unit]
@@ -81,7 +79,7 @@ sudo systemctl start v4l2loopback
## Troubleshooting
This section focusses on various errors that can appear in the v4l2loopback software.
This section focuses on various errors that can appear in the v4l2loopback software.
### `Failed to start streaming on '/dev/video2' (Invalid argument)`

View File

@@ -12,12 +12,11 @@ It is used to set up [Wi-Fi](/wiki/linux/hardware_%28linux%29.md#wi-fi).
This part assumes that your network interface is called `wlan0`
(change it accordingly).
- First make sure that your [network interface is up](./ip.md).
- First make sure that your [network interface is up](/wiki/linux/ip.md).
- Save the authentication details to a file by running
`wpa_passphrase <SSID> >> /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf`
- Connect to the WLAN by running
`wpa_supplicant -B -D wext -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf`
(`-B` is optional for running the process in the background)
`wpa_passphrase <SSID> >> /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf`
- Connect to the WLAN by running `wpa_supplicant -B -D wext -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf`
(`-B` is optional for running the process in the background)
## Troubleshooting
@@ -34,5 +33,5 @@ systemctl restart wpa_supplicant
```
Afterwards - if the error still persists - it may be useful to reenable the Wi-Fi device as
explained in the
explained in the
[section of the NetworkManager entry](/wiki/linux/networkmanager.md#restarting-and-reenabling-wi-fi).

View File

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
# X Window System
X Window System - also called X and X11 according to the current version - is a
protocoll for handling the display of the most unix-like operating systems.
[Xorg](https://www.x.org/wiki/) is the most used implementation of the X
protocoll.
X Window System - also called X and X11 according to the current version - is a protocoll for
handling the display of the most unix-like operating systems.
[Xorg](https://www.x.org/wiki/) is the most used implementation of the X protocoll.
It is maintained by the [X.Org Foundation](https://x.org/wiki/).
## Usage
@@ -51,16 +50,14 @@ With the mouse the window to close can then be selected.
### Peripheral Devices
X also handles various options of peripheral devices.
In the files of the directory `/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d` and the file
`/etc/X11/xorg.conf` these settings can be found.
In the files of the directory `/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d` and the file `/etc/X11/xorg.conf` these
settings can be found.
The handling of input devices is achieved by xinput.
For this the identifier of the device to show the options of is needed.
By running `xinput list` a list of all devices with identifiers handled by
xinput is printed.
Properties and options of a peripheral device can then be shown by running
`xinput list-props <id>` where `<id>` is the identifier of the
device.
By running `xinput list` a list of all devices with identifiers handled by xinput is printed.
Properties and options of a peripheral device can then be shown by running `xinput list-props <id>`
where `<id>` is the identifier of the device.
#### Touchpad
@@ -71,8 +68,7 @@ This section describes the handling of touchpads by X.
To toggle the touchpad on or off
[a simple script](https://github.com/tiyn/dotfiles/blob/master/.local/bin/tools/dwm/toggletouchpad)
can be used that uses `synclient TouchpadOff=1` or `synclient TouchpadOff=0`.
This requires `xf86-input-synaptics` which is a synaptics driver for
notebook touchpads.
This requires `xf86-input-synaptics` which is a synaptics driver for notebook touchpads.
##### Enable Tap to Click
@@ -93,8 +89,7 @@ This section describes the handling of keyboards by X.
##### Change Keyboardlayout
To temporarily change the layout of the keyboard just run
`setxkbmap <your preferred layout>`.
To temporarily change the layout of the keyboard just run `setxkbmap <your preferred layout>`.
For a permanent change run `localectl set-x11-keymap <your preferred layout>`.
If there are two main layouts are used then the following command can be used to switch between
@@ -130,9 +125,9 @@ setxkbmap -layout <layout> -option compose:<compose>
#### Display
This section describes the handling of displays by X.
Additionally to the guides in this section that are independent of the used
graphics unit special configuration for [Nvidia](/wiki/linux/nvidia.md)
and [Intel](./intel.md) can be found in their respective entries in this wiki.
Additionally to the guides in this section that are independent of the used graphics unit special
configuration for [Nvidia](/wiki/linux/nvidia.md) and [Intel](/wiki/linux/intel.md) can be found in
their respective entries in this wiki.
##### Turning Off the Screen
@@ -198,9 +193,8 @@ This section describes the handling of mouse by X.
##### Emulation of the Middle Mouse Button
If middle mouse button emulation is enabled the system will emulate a middle
mouse button click when clicking both left and right mouse button
simultaneously.
If middle mouse button emulation is enabled the system will emulate a middle mouse button click
when clicking both left and right mouse button simultaneously.
The middle mouse button emulation can be activated or deactivated.
First the current options have to be confirmed as explained in
[the peripheral section](#peripheral-devices).
@@ -211,14 +205,13 @@ As written by
there are two ways to change this property.
If the change is only needed temporarily
`xinput set-prop <id> "libinput Middle Emulation Enabled" <flag>` can be run.
`<id>` is the identifier of the mouse and <flag> is `0` for disabling and `1`
for enabling the middle mouse button.
`<id>` is the identifier of the mouse and <flag> is `0` for disabling and `1` for enabling the
middle mouse button.
For permanent change of the property a change or addition to
`/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/40-libinput.conf` can be made.
If a section for the device is already present the line
`Option "MiddleEmulation" "true"` should be added to it.
Otherwise a catchall section for all types of mouses can be created like the
following:
If a section for the device is already present the line `Option "MiddleEmulation" "true"` should be
added to it.
Otherwise, a catchall section for all types of mouses can be created like the following.
```txt
Section "InputClass"