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mirror of https://github.com/tiyn/wiki.git synced 2026-09-13 18:41:35 +02:00

Corrected various typographic errors

- substituted en-dash for hyphen where needed
- renamed files to avoid confusion due to identical name
- added links
- fixed capitalization
- fixed line breaks
This commit is contained in:
2026-07-02 09:12:29 +02:00
parent 28bcddc659
commit c03daea525
170 changed files with 765 additions and 746 deletions

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@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ An effective way to compress a directory is the following command where `directo
that is to be compressed.
The archive will be created by the same name as the directory but with the `.7z` extension.
This command uses [expansion](/wiki/linux/shell.md#expansion).
The directory is not deleted automatically afterwards.
The directory is not deleted automatically afterward.
```sh
7z a -t7z -m0=lzma -mx=9 -mfb=64 -md=32m -ms=on directory{.7z,}

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@@ -2,15 +2,15 @@
[android-file-transfer](https://github.com/whoozle/android-file-transfer-linux) is an MTP client
that allows accessing the files of an [Android](/wiki/android.md)
[smart device](/wiki/smart_device.md#smartphones-and-tablet-computers) under
[Linux](/wiki/linux.md).
[smart device](/wiki/smart_device.md#smartphones-and-tablet-computers) under [Linux](/wiki/linux.md).
## Setup
On most linux distributions Khal can be installed with the `android-file-transfer` package.
On most [Linux distributions](/wiki/linux.md) android-file-transfer can be installed with the
`android-file-transfer` package.
Alternatively it can be installed via
[GitHub](https://github.com/whoozle/android-file-transfer-linux).
## Usage
This section addresses the usage of android-file-transfer.
@@ -23,6 +23,6 @@ following command.
Please note that this command assumes one Android device is connected via USB.
In this case the device will be mounted on the directory `~/mnt`.
```sh
```sh
aft-mtp-mount ~/mnt
```

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@@ -63,19 +63,19 @@ No changes will be made until the confirmation at the end.
The swap partition will be created later under lvm.
- `gdisk /dev/sda`
- `N` - Create a new empty partition table
- `↵ Enter` - Create a partition
- `↵ Enter` - Confirm first sector
- `+512M` - Assign size of 512 MB for the first partition
- `ef00` - Make the partition bootable
- `n` - Create a second partition
- `↵ Enter` - Confirm creation of partition
- `↵ Enter` - Confirm first sector
- `↵ Enter` - Confirm last sector
- `↵ Enter` - Confirm partition type
- `p` - Show created partitions
- `W` - Save all changes
- `Y` - Confirm saving changes
- `N` Create a new empty partition table
- `↵ Enter` Create a partition
- `↵ Enter` Confirm first sector
- `+512M` Assign size of 512 MB for the first partition
- `ef00` Make the partition bootable
- `n` Create a second partition
- `↵ Enter` Confirm creation of partition
- `↵ Enter` Confirm first sector
- `↵ Enter` Confirm last sector
- `↵ Enter` Confirm partition type
- `p` Show created partitions
- `W` Save all changes
- `Y` Confirm saving changes
## 3. Encryption
@@ -94,13 +94,13 @@ Recovering of this passphrase is **not** possible.
## 4. Setup LVM
- `cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sda2 lvm` - Opening encrypted partition and mapping
- `cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sda2 lvm` Opening encrypted partition and mapping
it to `/dev/mapper/lvm`
- `pvcreate /dev/mapper/lvm` - Create a LVM physical volume
- `vgcreate main /dev/mapper/lvm` - Create LVM Volume Group
- `lvcreate -L 16G -n swap main` - Create Swap in LVM (recommended: swap size
- `pvcreate /dev/mapper/lvm` Create a LVM physical volume
- `vgcreate main /dev/mapper/lvm` Create LVM Volume Group
- `lvcreate -L 16G -n swap main` Create Swap in LVM (recommended: swap size
is equal to ram size to enable hibernation)
- `lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n root main` - Create LVM Logical Volume for /
- `lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n root main` Create LVM Logical Volume for /
## 5. Create filesystems and mounting them temporarily
@@ -109,16 +109,16 @@ Using `blkid | grep /dev/sda` once again, we can identify it by looking for the
`EFI system partition` label.
The guide assumes this partition to be at `/dev/sda1`.
- `mkfs.fat -F 32 -n UEFI /dev/sda1` - Assign filesystem of EFI partition
- `mkfs.ext4 -L root /dev/mapper/main-root` - Assign filesystem of root partition
- `mkswap /dev/mapper/main-swap` - Assign swap filesystem
- `mkfs.fat -F 32 -n UEFI /dev/sda1` Assign filesystem of EFI partition
- `mkfs.ext4 -L root /dev/mapper/main-root` Assign filesystem of root partition
- `mkswap /dev/mapper/main-swap` Assign swap filesystem
Now the created filesystems will be mounted for the installation.
- `mount /dev/mapper/main-root /mnt` - Mounting root partition
- `mount /dev/mapper/main-root /mnt` Mounting root partition
- `mkdir /mnt/boot`
- `mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot` - Mount EFI partition
- `swapon /dev/mapper/main-swap` - Mounting swap partition
- `mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot` Mount EFI partition
- `swapon /dev/mapper/main-swap` Mounting swap partition
## 6. Starting base installation
@@ -129,16 +129,16 @@ Afterward the internet connection will be established.
Exit `iwctl`.
- `pacstrap /mnt base base-devel dosfstools gptfdisk lvm2 linux linux-firmware vim networkmanager ntp`
- `genfstab -Up /mnt > /mnt/etc/fstab` - creation of fstab
- `arch-chroot /mnt` - Switch into the newly installed system
- `echo ArchLinux > /etc/hostname` - Assign hostname. `ArchLinux` can be changed
- `genfstab -Up /mnt > /mnt/etc/fstab` creation of fstab
- `arch-chroot /mnt` Switch into the newly installed system
- `echo ArchLinux > /etc/hostname` Assign hostname. `ArchLinux` can be changed
for any name of your preference.
## 7. Set Region and Language
- `echo LANG=en\_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf` - Assign system Language to be
- `echo LANG=en\_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf` Assign system Language to be
English (you can use other languages, look into the `/etc/locale.gen` for a list of all available languages)
- `vim /etc/locale.gen` - Assigning system language by uncomment the lines
- `vim /etc/locale.gen` Assigning system language by uncomment the lines
depending on your needs.
In this example:
@@ -146,11 +146,11 @@ Exit `iwctl`.
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
```
- `locale-gen` - Generate languages
- `echo KEYMAP=de-latin1-nodeadkeys > /etc/vconsole.conf` - set the keymap
- `ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Berlin /etc/localtime` - set your timezone
- `locale-gen` Generate languages
- `echo KEYMAP=de-latin1-nodeadkeys > /etc/vconsole.conf` set the keymap
- `ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Berlin /etc/localtime` set your timezone
(select the first file accordingly to your location)
- `ntpdate -q 0.de.pool.ntp.org` - sync the time and date with
- `ntpdate -q 0.de.pool.ntp.org` sync the time and date with
[NTP](/wiki/linux/ntp.md) (note that a German time server is used and
depending on the needs a adjustments should be made)
@@ -158,18 +158,18 @@ en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
- `vim /etc/mkinitcpio.conf`
- Search the line `MODULES=()` and change it to:
Search the line `MODULES=()` and change it to:
`MODULES=(ext4)`
- Search the line `HOOKS=([...])` and change it to:
Search the line `HOOKS=([...])` and change it to:
`HOOKS=(base udev autodetect microcode modconf block kms keyboard keymap consolefont encrypt lvm2 filesystems resume fsck shutdown)`
- `mkinitcpio -p linux` - generate Kernel-Image
- `mkinitcpio -p linux` generate Kernel-Image
## 9. Install and configure UEFI bootloader
- `bootctl install` - Prepare bootloader
- `ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid` - find out the UUID of your root partition (matching `/dev/sda2`).
- `vim /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf` - Create configuration
- `bootctl install` Prepare bootloader
- `ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid` find out the UUID of your root partition (matching `/dev/sda2`).
- `vim /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf` Create configuration
- Change the config to look similar to this:
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
options cryptdevice=UUID=<enter your uuid here>:lvm:allow-discards root=/dev/mapper/main-root resume=/dev/mapper/main-swap rw quiet
```
- `cp /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf /boot/loader/entries/arch-fallback.conf` - create a fallback.
- `cp /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf /boot/loader/entries/arch-fallback.conf` create a fallback.
Change it to the following.
```txt
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
options cryptdevice=UUID=<enter your uuid here>:lvm:allow-discards root=/dev/mapper/main-root resume=/dev/mapper/main-swap rw quiet
```
- `vim /boot/loader/loader.conf` - Create loader configuration.
- `vim /boot/loader/loader.conf` Create loader configuration.
Insert the following text
```txt
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
## 10. Finishing base installation
- `passwd` - set password for the root account
- `passwd` set password for the root account
- `systemctl enable NetworkManager.service`
## 11. Optional Steps
@@ -218,9 +218,9 @@ Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist
## 12. Finish the setup
- `exit` - exit the installed system
- `umount /mnt/{boot,}` - unmount all partitions
- `shutdown now` - shutdown device
- `exit` exit the installed system
- `umount /mnt/{boot,}` unmount all partitions
- `shutdown now` shutdown device
- Now remove the Arch boot-stick
- Start the device again
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ partition, take a look at the according section in
After installing [xorg windows system](/wiki/linux/x_window_system.md) the language of it will be
English by default.
To change it - in this example to German - run the following command.
To change it in this example to German run the following command.
```sh
localectl --no-convert set-x11-keymap de pc105 deadgraveacute

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@@ -9,33 +9,33 @@ This guide is done in collaboration with [rvbg.eu](https://wiki.rvbg.eu).
## Fan controlling
- `yay -S lm_sensors thinkfan` - Install the needed utilities
- `yay -S lm_sensors thinkfan` Install the needed utilities
- `sudo modprobe thinkpad_acpi` - After that load the kernel module `thinkpad_acpi`
- `sudo modprobe thinkpad_acpi` After that load the kernel module `thinkpad_acpi`
- `sudo cp /usr/share/doc/thinkfan/examples/thinkfan.conf.simple /etc/thinkfan.conf`
Copy and configure the config file
- `systemctl start thinkfan` - Start the thinkfan service
- `systemctl start thinkfan` Start the thinkfan service
- `sudo thinkfan -n` - Check the output
- `sudo thinkfan -n` Check the output
`systemctl enable thinkfan.service` - enable the thinkfan service
`systemctl enable thinkfan.service` enable the thinkfan service
## Change brightness via keyboard
- `sudo vim /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf` - Open the bootloader configuration
- `sudo vim /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf` Open the bootloader configuration
- Go to the `options` line.
Append the following.
`acpi_osi="!Windows 2012"`
- `shutdown -r now` - Reboot the system
- `shutdown -r now` Reboot the system
## Activate battery options
- `yay -S tlp` - Install the service
- `yay -S acpi_call` - Enables battery charging stop at given capacity
- `sudo vim /etc/tlp.conf` - Open the battery options
- `yay -S tlp` Install the service
- `yay -S acpi_call` Enables battery charging stop at given capacity
- `sudo vim /etc/tlp.conf` Open the battery options
- Change the following lines
```txt
@@ -45,23 +45,23 @@ STOP_CHARGE_THRESH_BAT0=90
The battery will start charging at 80 percent and stop charging at 90.
- `sudo tlp start` - Start service and save changed options
- `sudo systemctl enable tlp.service` - Enable the service
- `sudo tlp start` Start service and save changed options
- `sudo systemctl enable tlp.service` Enable the service
## Setup Thinkpad Dock
- `yay -S dockd` - Install the docking service
- `yay -S xrandr arandr` - Instll multimonitor tools
- `yay -S dockd` Install the docking service
- `yay -S xrandr arandr` Instll multimonitor tools
- Dock the system
- `arandr` - Setup the monitor configuration
- `dockd --config docked` - Save the changes (has to maybe be stopped by
- `arandr` Setup the monitor configuration
- `dockd --config docked` Save the changes (has to maybe be stopped by
`CTRL + C`)
- Undock the system
- `arandr` - Setup the monitor configuration
- `dockd --config undocked` - Save the changes (has to maybe be stopped by
- `arandr` Setup the monitor configuration
- `dockd --config undocked` Save the changes (has to maybe be stopped by
`CTRL + C`)
- `systemctl enable acpid` - Activate ACPI listener
- `systemctl start acpid` - Start ACPI listener
- `systemctl enable acpid` Activate ACPI listener
- `systemctl start acpid` Start ACPI listener
Scripts to change configuration at docking/undocking

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@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
Audio is an important point in a linux desktop environment
For non-Linux specific audio software navigate to the corresponding
[wiki article](/wiki/audio.md).
[wiki article](/wiki/audio_%28general%29.md).
## Sound Server

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@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ sudo resize2fs <path to partition>
To shrink a file system the `resize2fs` command will be used aswell as `e2fsck`.
First the file system needs to be checked for size aswell as data distribution.
This can be done using the command `sudo e2fsck -f <path to partition>`.
`<path to partition>` directs to the volume whose file system should be shrinked - for example
`<path to partition>` directs to the volume whose file system should be shrinked for example
`/dev/sda1`.
It has to be the same for the next step as well.
Afterward the file system can be shrunken with the command
@@ -178,8 +178,8 @@ The following list shows some options to quickly clean up space.
## Accessing Disks as User
Sometimes - for example when flashing an SD card for a
[Raspberry Pi](/wiki/linux/raspberry_pi.md#setup) - it may be useful to do so with your default
Sometimes for example when flashing an SD card for a
[Raspberry Pi](/wiki/linux/raspberry_pi.md#setup) it may be useful to do so with your default
user and not using the root user.
For this to work the user can be added to the `disk` group permanently.
Please note that this however reduces the systems security.
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ Ususally the filesystem will go into read-only mode whe the system is running an
consistency error.
To fix it run the following command.
- `sudo fsck -Af -M` - check all filesystems
- `sudo fsck -Af -M` check all filesystems
If `fsck` gets stuck after its version banner (for example `fsck from util-linux 2.20.1`) you
may want to try using the ext4-specific fsck:
- `fsck.ext4 -f /dev/sda1`

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@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
# Dislocker
[Dislocker](https://github.com/Aorimn/dislocker) is a driver to read and write Bitlocker encrypted
volumes under Linux systems.
volumes under [Linux](/wiki/linux.md) systems.
## Setup
On most of the Linux distributions Dislocker is bundled with the `dislocker` package.
On most of the [Linux distributions](/wiki/linux.md#distributions) Dislocker is bundled with the
`dislocker` package.
The installation of the `mbedtls2` package as an open-source TLS library can be of use.
## Usage
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ The installation of the `mbedtls2` package as an open-source TLS library can be
For the [mounting](/wiki/linux/disk-management.md#mounting) to work two directories are required.
One to mount the `dislocker-file` (`/mnt/bitlocker`) and one to mount the
[windows volume](/wiki/linux/ntfs.md#manual-mounting) (`/mnt/windows`).
The device which holds the windows partition is assumed to be calles `/dev/sdc1`.
The device which holds the windows partition is assumed to be called `/dev/sdc1`.
The following command mounts the `dislocker` file to `/mnt/bitlocker`.
Make sure to replace the password in the following command.
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ Using [fstab](/wiki/linux/disk-management.md#mounting) the partition encrypted w
be automatically mounted.
The following lines have to be adapted and written into
[`/etc/fstab`](/wiki/linux/disk-management.md#mounting).
In this case the intermediary dislocker file `dislocker-file` is mounted to `/mnt/bitlocker`.
In this case the intermediary Dislocker file `dislocker-file` is mounted to `/mnt/bitlocker`.
```txt
UUID=<partition uuid> /mnt/bitlocker fuse.dislocker bekfile=<path to bek-file>,nofail 0 0
@@ -56,4 +57,4 @@ UUID=<partition uuid> /mnt/bitlocker fuse.dislocker bekfile=<path to bek-file>,n
After that a line to mount the `dislocker-file` as a [NTFS](/wiki/linux/ntfs.md) partition has to
be added as described in [the NTFS entry](/wiki/linux/ntfs.md#automatic-mounting).
In this case the specified partition to mount is `/mnt/bitlocker/dislocker-file`.
The mount point can be chosen according to preference - for example `/mnt/windows`.
The mount point can be chosen according to preference for example `/mnt/windows`.

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@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ buttons.
## DDC
DDC - short for Display Data Channel - is a specific way to control the display.
DDC short for Display Data Channel is a specific way to control the display.
On [Linux](/wiki/linux.md)-based Systems this can be achieved by using the
[`ddcutil`](https://github.com/rockowitz/ddcutil) command line interface that can be found in the
package of the same name.

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@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
[EasyEffects](https://github.com/wwmm/easyeffects) is a free and open-source GUI-software for
applying sound effects and filters on input and output audio streams.
EasyEffects uses [Pipewire](/wiki/linux/pipewire.md) as
[sound server](/wiki/linux/audio.md#sound-server).
[sound server](/wiki/linux/audio_%28linux%29.md#sound-server).
## Setup
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Presets are saved in the directory `~/.config/easyeffects/input` and
By default, EasyEffects processes all input and output streams.
This includes [loopback devices](/wiki/linux/pipewire.md#virtual-devices) with which it may lead to
some problems - for example
some problems for example
[problems with virtual devices](/wiki/linux/pipewire.md#problems-with-input-an-output-of-loopback-devices).
It can be disabled and re-enabled in the `Preferences` under `Audio` by deselecting or selecting
the switches for `Process all output streams` and `Process all input streams`.

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@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ This section addresses the usage of FFmpeg.
### Convert from format to another
The following line is an example for a conversion of a video and audio capable
format - in this case `.webm` - to an audio format - in this case `.flac`:
format in this case `.webm` to an audio format in this case `.flac`:
`ffmpeg -i audio.webm -c:a flac audio.flac`.
For audio to audio conversion the following example is used:
`ffmpeg -i audio.m4a -f flac audio.flac`.
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ command accordingly.
### Two-Pass Encoding
Two pass encoding - as described in the
Two pass encoding as described in the
[official FFmpeg documentation](https://trac.ffmpeg.org/wiki/Encode/H.264#twopass)
- uses two passes.
The first pass analyzes the input data and outputs a descriptor file.

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@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
# Git (Client)
This entry deals with the Git client used in
[Linux-based systems](/wiki/linux.md).
This entry deals with the Git client used in [Linux-based systems](/wiki/linux.md).
For a basic overview and the server setup of git see the
[corresponding entry](/wiki/git_%28general%29.md)
The client is pretty simple to understand.
With only a handfull of commands you should be able to get your versioning going.
For servers with web interfaces there are different cli tools to control it
With only a handful of commands you should be able to get your versioning going.
For servers with web interfaces there are different CLI tools to control it
without using a browser.
## Setup
On most linux distributions Git can be installed with the `git` package.
On most [Linux distributions](/wiki/linux.md#distributions) Git can be installed with the `git`
package.
The package provides a simple command line interface.
An alternative to the classical interface is the [lazygit](https://github.com/jesseduffield/lazygit)
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ Though it provides a new user interface it still uses the `git` package as a bas
This section addresses various use cases of git.
There is also an interactive
[fixup guide by Seth Robertson](https://sethrobertson.github.io/GitFixUm/fixup.html).
Robertson also made guides on [post production](https://github.com/SethRobertson/GitPostProduction)
[fix-up guide by Seth Robertson](https://sethrobertson.github.io/GitFixUm/fixup.html).
Robertson also made guides on [post-production](https://github.com/SethRobertson/GitPostProduction)
and [best practices](http://sethrobertson.github.io/GitBestPractices).
### Modify a Commit Already Done
### Modify a Commit Already Done
In Git it is possible to alter a commit.
This can be done by using the `--amend` flag in the `commit` option.
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Together with the `--no-edit` flag it will create a new commit that will replace
the same message and the newly changed files.
This command will look like the following.
```sh
```sh
git commit --amend --no-edit
```
@@ -49,17 +49,17 @@ In this case to [push it has to be done forcefully](#force-pushing).
### Force Pushing
Force pushing in Git allows you to overwrite the history of a remote branch.
Using the following command replaces the remote branch with your local state, even if other commits
Using the following command replaces the remote branch with your local state, even if other commits
have been pushed in the meantime, which can in turn permanently remove these commits.
```sh
git push --force
```
Using the force command with the `--force-with-lease` flag, as shown in the following command,
Using the force command with the `--force-with-lease` flag, as shown in the following command,
performs a safety check before overwriting.
It only proceeds if the remote branch is still in the expected state and rejects the push
otherwise.
It only proceeds if the remote branch is still in the expected state and rejects the push
otherwise.
Most of the time, especially when using shared branches, this is generally considered the safer and
preferred option.
@@ -67,12 +67,12 @@ preferred option.
git push --force-with-lease
```
### Visualize Commit Graph
### Visualize Commit Graph
The commit history of a Git repository can best be visualized using a graph.
This can be done by using the default `git` command as the following command shows.
```sh
```sh
git log --graph
```

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@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
# GPG
[GNU Privacy Guard](https://gnupg.org/) - short GnuPG or just GPG - is a free and open-source
[GNU Privacy Guard](https://gnupg.org/) short GnuPG or just GPG is a free and open-source
implementation of [OpenPGP](/wiki/openpgp.md).
It is used to savely encrypt and decrypt messages or files using assymetric encryption.
It is used to safely encrypt and decrypt messages or files using asymmetric encryption.
## Setup
On most linux distributions GPG can be installed with the `gnupg` package.
On most [Linux distributions](/wiki/linux.md#distributions) GPG can be installed with the `gnupg`
package.
Sometimes it is also called `gnupg2`.
## Usage
@@ -72,20 +73,20 @@ Your decision? 5
### Encrypting Files and Other Messages
A file - in this case named `message.txt` - can be encrypted using the a specific key with the
following command.
A file in this case named `message.txt` can be encrypted using a specific key with the following
command.
Replace `<id>` with the identifier of the key that should encrypt the message.
```sh
gpg -e -r <id> message.txt
```
This command will create a file with the same name as the input file but with an added `.gpg` - in
This command will create a file with the same name as the input file but with an added `.gpg` in
this case its called `message.txt.gpg`.
### Decrypt Files and Other Messages
A file - in this case named `message.txt.gpg` - can be decrypted with the following command.
A file in this case named `message.txt.gpg` can be decrypted with the following command.
```sh
gpg --decrypt message.txt.gpg
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ After generating the key however only a single user is added by default.
To add another one use the following command where `<key-id>` is the id of the key to add the
e-mail to.
```sh
```sh
gpg --edit-key <key-id>
```
@@ -134,7 +135,7 @@ Then list the existing users using the command `uid` and select the user id of t
with `uid <id>` where `<id>` is the key to delete.
Then delete it with `deluid` and save with `save`.
## Troubleshooting
## Troubleshooting
This section will focus on errors and the fixing of errors of GPG.
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ This error mostly occurs when updating packages via various
It can easily be fixed by running the following command.
Which will (re-)generate the needed files and directories for GPG.
```sh
```sh
dirmngr
```
@@ -160,6 +161,6 @@ occurs.
`hkp://pgp.rediris.es` is a key server that can be used but other possibilities are available and
can and should be used depending on the location.
```sh
```sh
gpg --keyserver hkp://pgp.rediris.es --recv-key <key-id>
```

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@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
## Setup
On most linux distributions different GTK versions are installed as a dependency of various
programs that use graphical user interfaces.
On most [Linux distributions](/wiki/linux.md#distributions) different GTK versions are installed as
a dependency of various programs that use graphical user interfaces.
### Configurations

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@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ ip link set wlan0 down
For VPN and other applications using a tunnel it can be useful to check the
outside [IP address](/wiki/ip_address.md) of your system.
The following command uses the `dig` command.
It is either bundled in the `dig` package - like in
[Arch Linux](/wiki/linux/arch-linux.md) - or in the `dnsutils`
package - like in Ubuntu - or even another package depending on the distribution
It is either bundled in the `dig` package like in
[Arch Linux](/wiki/linux/arch-linux.md) or in the `dnsutils`
package like in Ubuntu or even another package depending on the distribution
used.
After installation the following command can be used to get the outside IP
address of your system.

View File

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ You can sync it with [vdirsyncer](vdirsyncer.md)
## Setup
On most linux distributions Khal can be installed with the `khal` package.
On most [Linux distributions](/wiki/linux.md#distributions) Khal can be installed with the `khal`
package.
Alternatively it can be installed via [GitHub](https://github.com/pimutils/khal).
### Configuration

View File

@@ -5,22 +5,23 @@
## Setup
On most linux distributions Ly can be installed with the `ly` package.
On most [Linux distributions](/wiki/linux.md#distributions) Ly can be installed with the `ly`
package.
This setup needs an executable `~/.xinitrc` file.
If you are not sure about it, use the tests provided in the penultimate step.
Before finishing the setup the functionality should be tested.
This can be done by using one or both of the following commands.
This can be done by using one or both of the following commands.
```sh
```sh
systemctl start ly.service
```
Finally, the [systemd](/wiki/linux/systemd.md) Ly service needs to be enabled and reboot the
system.
```sh
```sh
systemctl enable ly.service`
reboot
```

View File

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ The zen kernel is a collaborative project of kernel hackers to provide the best
[Linux](/wiki/linux.md) kernel for everyday systems.
Especially the response time of the system under load
[is said to be better](https://github.com/zen-kernel/zen-kernel/wiki/Detailed-Feature-List#zen-kernel-improvements).
This will - for example - make the system less stuttery when something is compiled.
This will for example make the system less stuttery when something is compiled.
Desktop and gaming systems will benefit the most.
To setup the zen kernel do the following. Firstly install the packages `linux-zen` and

View File

@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
# NetworkManager
NetworkManager - short NM - is a program to automatically detect and connect to
NetworkManager short NM is a program to automatically detect and connect to
networks by providing options for various configuration.
It is used to set up [Wi-Fi](/wiki/linux/hardware_%28linux%29.md#wi-fi).
## Setup
NetworkManager can be installed with the `networkmanager` package on most linux distributions which
provides daemon aswell as `nmcli` a command line interface and `nmtui` a
[terminal](/wiki/linux/system_console.md) user interface for configuration.
NetworkManager can be installed with the `networkmanager` package on most
[Linux distributions](/wiki/linux.md#distributions) which provides daemon as well as `nmcli` a
command line interface and `nmtui` a [terminal](/wiki/linux/system_console.md) user interface for
configuration.
Additionally, `nm-connection-editor` can be installed for a graphical user interface.
## Usage
@@ -49,5 +50,5 @@ systemctl restart NetworkManager
nmcli radio wifi on
```
If the error still persists afterwards it may be useful to also restart WPA Supplicant as explained
If the error still persists afterward it may be useful to also restart WPA Supplicant as explained
[in the corresponding section of its entry](/wiki/linux/wpa_supplicant.md#restarting-wpa-supplicant).

View File

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ NTFS is the proprietary [file system](/wiki/linux/disk-management.md) of
## Setup
For the usage of NTFS file systems the `ntfs-3g` package - available on most
distributions - has to be installed.
For the usage of NTFS file systems the `ntfs-3g` package available on most
distributions has to be installed.
## Usage
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ have to be disabled to mount the partition with write access.
### Automatic Mounting
For the usage of NTFS file systems the `ntfs-3g` package - available on most distributions - has to
For the usage of NTFS file systems the `ntfs-3g` package available on most distributions has to
be installed.
To [automount partitions](/wiki/linux/disk-management.md#mounting) with NTFS the following line has
to be adapted and added to `/etc/fstab`.

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# NTP
[NTP](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5905) - short for Network Time Protocol
[NTP](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5905) short for Network Time Protocol
- is the most common method to synchronize the software clock of a
[Linux](/wiki/linux.md) system.
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ In this case a German time-server is used.
ntpdate ptbtime1.ptb.de
```
Alternatively the time can be displayed only - without changing the systems
time - by using the `-q` flag.
Alternatively the time can be displayed only without changing the systems
time by using the `-q` flag.
```sh
ntpdate -q ptbtime1.ptb.de

View File

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ apt update
Afterward there are two possible update types without changing the major release version.
The following command - `upgrade` - updates the packages only if no new or previously removed dependencies are
The following command `upgrade` updates the packages only if no new or previously removed dependencies are
needed.
It is generally used for day-to-day updating without bigger jumps between versions.

View File

@@ -346,5 +346,5 @@ database file with the following command.
rm -rf /var/lib/pacman/sync/*
```
Alternatively - and this is probably a bit safer - the files can be temporarily be moved somewhere
Alternatively and this is probably a bit safer the files can be temporarily be moved somewhere
else and removed after confirming the error was fixed.

View File

@@ -94,6 +94,16 @@ For this the command will create a file called `lib.bib`.
papis export --all --format bibtex --out lib.bib
```
Additionally, a query in this case the placeholder `<query>` can be passed to the export command.
This can for example be used to export entries that contain a specific tag.
This way, if papers are tagged based on projects, entries for a given project can easily be
retrieved.
The corresponding command will look similar to the following.
```sh
papis export --all <query> --format bibtex --out lib.bib
```
### Clearing the Cache
The cache of Papis can be cleared by running the following command.
@@ -143,12 +153,12 @@ ref-format = {doc[author_list][0][family]}{doc[year]}
Doing this the existing entries, its files, folders and references will not be renamed.
To achieve a factual renaming of all the entries in a library,
[export the library](#export-library-to-bibtex-file), remove all entries from within it and then
[export the library](#export-library-to-bibtex-file), remove all entries from within it and then
[import the entries](#import-entries-from-a-bibtex-file) into it again.
### Adding Files to Existing Entry
To add files - for example PDF files to an existing entry run the following command.
To add files for example PDF files to an existing entry run the following command.
`<file>` is the path to the (PDF-)file and `<library>` is the name of the library to add to.
After running the command a [TUI](comm) will open to select the entry to which the file will be
added.

View File

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
# Pipewire
[Pipewire](https://pipewire.org) is a graph based
[sound server](/wiki/linux/audio.md#sound-server).
[sound server](/wiki/linux/audio_%28linux%29.md#sound-server).
## Setup
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ used as a simple mixer.
This section focuses on graph-based interfaces also called patchbays.
For more advanced routing [qpwgraph](https://github.com/rncbc/qpwgraph) can be used, but the
GTK-based [Helvum](https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/pipewire/helvum) is also available.
The third available option is [Patchance](https://github.com/Houston4444/Patchance) - this is the
The third available option is [Patchance](https://github.com/Houston4444/Patchance) this is the
currently recommended software of this wiki.
### Equalizer, Noise Reduction, etc

View File

@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
# PlayerCTL
[PlayerCTL](https://github.com/altdesktop/playerctl) is a MPRIS (Media Player
Remote Interfacing Specification) [media player](/wiki/audio.md#media-software)
command-line controller for Spotify, [Sonixd](/wiki/subsonic.md#client), MPV and
many other different media clients aswell as [browser](/wiki/web_browser.md).
[PlayerCTL](https://github.com/altdesktop/playerctl) is a MPRIS (Media Player Remote Interfacing
Specification) [media player](/wiki/audio_%28general%29.md#media-software) command-line controller
for Spotify, [Sonixd](/wiki/subsonic.md#client), MPV and many other different media clients as well
as [browser](/wiki/web_browser.md).
## Setup
On most linux distributions PlayerCTL can be installed with the `playerctl`
package.
Alternatively it can be installed via
[GitHub](https://github.com/altdesktop/playerctl).
On most [Linux distributions](/wiki/linux.md#distributions) PlayerCTL can be installed with the
`playerctl` package.
Alternatively it can be installed via [GitHub](https://github.com/altdesktop/playerctl).
## Usage
@@ -31,7 +30,6 @@ playerctl previous
## Using Hotkeys
Hotkeys can be more accessible than typing the commands to start or stop music
in the [terminal](/wiki/linux/system_console.md).
With [SXHKD](/wiki/linux/sxhkd.md#setting-a-hotkey) commands from the CLI can
be set to a hotkey.
Hotkeys can be more accessible than typing the commands to start or stop music in the
[terminal](/wiki/linux/system_console.md).
With [SXHKD](/wiki/linux/sxhkd.md#setting-a-hotkey) commands from the CLI can be set to a hotkey.

View File

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
# Plymouth
# Plymouth
[Plymouth](https://www.freedesktop.org/Software/Plymouth) is a software that provides a better
graphical boot process.
@@ -6,13 +6,14 @@ It can change the native resolution early in the boot process and display splash
## Setup
On most linux distributions LightDM can be installed with the `plymouth` package.
On most [Linux distributions](/wiki/linux.md#distributions) LightDM can be installed with the
`plymouth` package.
Afterward the kernel options need to be changed.
On [Arch Linux](/wiki/linux/arch-linux.md) systems this can be done by editing the file located at
`/boot/loader/entries/arch.conf`.
In the options line append `quiet` if you want to use the quiet-mode and `splash` if you want to
add a splash screen.
In the options line append `quiet` if you want to use the quiet-mode and `splash` if you want to add
a splash screen.
If the splash screen option was selected set a default theme.
A more detailed guide on this is available in [another section](#list-install-and-set-themes).
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ mkinitcpio -p linux
## Usage
This section addresses the location and
This section addresses the location and
### List, Install and Set Themes

View File

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ It is not recommended to continue with errors or without running these checks
Now APT needs to be assigned new sources.
This can be done by editing the file `/etc/apt/sources.list` and replacing everything within with
the new sources.
For PVE 8 - which corresponds to Debians 12th version called bookworm - this lines to add are the
For PVE 8 which corresponds to Debians 12th version called bookworm this lines to add are the
following.
```txt
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ After that `reboot` and the internet should be up again.
### Balooning RAM and Resulting Problems
When using a balooning device for RAM error messages - for example by [Docker](/wiki/docker.md) can
When using a balooning device for RAM error messages for example by [Docker](/wiki/docker.md) can
be hidden.
It is then more difficult to find the out-of-memory error that makes a program crash.
Problems with balooning RAM can be found using the following command.

View File

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
# PulseAudio
[PulseAudio](https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio) is a
[sound server](/wiki/linux/audio.md#sound-server) distributed by the
[sound server](/wiki/linux/audio_%28linux%29.md#sound-server) distributed by the
[freedesktop.org](https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio) project.
## Usage

View File

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
## Setup
On most linux distributions different Qt versions are installed as a dependency of various programs
that use graphical user interfaces.
On most [Linux distributions](/wiki/linux.md#distributions) different Qt versions are installed as a
dependency of various programs that use graphical user interfaces.
### Configuration
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@ The configuration can easily be achieved by using the programs
the latter working with the current version of Qt.
qt5ct is officially archived and qt6ct is the recommended program to use and will mainly be
discussed in this article.
These programs can sometimes be found as [package](/wiki/linux/package_manager.md) of the same
name.
These programs can sometimes be found as [package](/wiki/linux/package_manager.md) of the same name.
Afterward `qt6ct` can be run to get a graphical user interface to set the theme and icons of Qt
applications.
This will create or edit a configuration file located at `~/.config/qt6ct/qt6ct.conf`.

View File

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
# RAR (package)
RAR is a package available for many Linux distributions that is handling `.rar` archives of the
[RAR algorithm](/wiki/rar_%28algorithm%29.md).
RAR is a package available for many [Linux distributions](/wiki/linux.md#distributions) that is
handling `.rar` archives of the [RAR algorithm](/wiki/rar_%28algorithm%29.md).
## Setup
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ For extraction a separate package is used called `unrar`.
## Usage
This section addresses the usage of the RAR package.
### Extracting a `.rar` archive
A `.rar` archive can be extracted using the `unrar` package with the following command.

View File

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ image and `<disk-path>` is the path to the device to flash to (for example `/dev
dd if=<img-path> of=<disk-path> status=progress
```
This however can also be done using the Raspberry Pi imager - which most
This however can also be done using the Raspberry Pi imager which most
[package managers](/wiki/linux/package_manager.md) package under `rpi-mager`.
It too can also be found on the [official website](https://www.raspberrypi.com/software).
When using the imager as a non-root user this user may have to be given rights to access disks or

View File

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
# shntool
[shntool](http://shnutils.freeshell.org/shntool/) is a multi-purpose data processing utility.
With it audio files of a wide array of codecs - like [flac](/wiki/flac_%28codec%29.md) - can be
With it audio files of a wide array of codecs like [flac](/wiki/flac_%28codec%29.md) can be
edited.
## Setup
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Note that some codecs require special setup.
These codecs are referenced in the end of this section.
The following line of shell command splits an audio file according to a cue file.
The `-o` tag specifies the output file format - for example `flac`.
The `-o` tag specifies the output file format for example `flac`.
```sh
cuebreakpoints '<cue file>' | shnsplit -o '<codec>' '<audio file>'

View File

@@ -4,14 +4,15 @@ swayidle is an idle manager for [Wayland](/wiki/linux/wayland.md).
## Setup
On most Linux distributions swayidle can be installed with the `swayidle` package.
On most [Linux distributions](/wiki/linux.md#distributions) swayidle can be installed with the
`swayidle` package.
## Usage
To run swayidle it has to be called - preferably after the boot process.
To run swayidle it has to be called preferably after the boot process.
An example of this will look like the following.
This will [suspend-then-hibernate](/wiki/linux/systemd.md#change-suspend-and-hibernate-behavior)
the system after 30 seconds.
This will [suspend-then-hibernate](/wiki/linux/systemd.md#change-suspend-and-hibernate-behavior) the
system after 30 seconds.
Additionally, a program [xss-lock](/wiki/linux/xss-lock.md) has to be used to let swayidle know to
use a specific lock command.

View File

@@ -1,24 +1,22 @@
# SXHKD
[SXHKD](https://github.com/baskerville/sxhkd) - short for Simple
[X](/wiki/linux/x_window_system.md) hotkey daemon - is a program to set hotkeys.
[SXHKD](https://github.com/baskerville/sxhkd) short for Simple [X](/wiki/linux/x_window_system.md)
hotkey daemon is a program to set hotkeys.
## Setup
On most linux distributions SXHKD can be installed with the `sxhkd`
On most [Linux distributions](/wiki/linux.md#distributions) SXHKD can be installed with the `sxhkd`
package.
Alternatively it can be installed via
[GitHub](https://github.com/baskerville/sxhkd).
Alternatively it can be installed via [GitHub](https://github.com/baskerville/sxhkd).
## Usage
### Setting a Hotkey
Configuration for setting hotkeys is done in the file `~/.config/sxhkd/sxhkdrc`.
A hotkey corresponds to typically two, sometimes more lines within this
configuration file.
The first line describes the keys that act as hotkeys and the second line
describes the commands that are run on pressing the hotkey.
A hotkey corresponds to typically two, sometimes more lines within this configuration file.
The first line describes the keys that act as hotkeys and the second line describes the commands
that are run on pressing the hotkey.
There are simple hotkeys using only one key (in this case the Launch Button).

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@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ v4l2loopback can be manually started by running the following command.
modprobe v4l2loopback card_label='V4L2 Loopback' video_nr=7 exclusive_caps=1
```
`video_nr=7` states the device path to use with v4l2loopback - in this case `/dev/video7`.
`video_nr=7` states the device path to use with v4l2loopback in this case `/dev/video7`.
This can be changed according to the needs.
It is important that the device is not already in use by another application.
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ modprobe v4l2loopback card_label='OBS Virtual Camera','IP Webcam' video_nr=7,8 e
### Create Permanent V4L2 Devices
For an automatic start at boot via [systemd](/wiki/linux/systemd.md) a service can be created - as
For an automatic start at boot via [systemd](/wiki/linux/systemd.md) a service can be created as
described in [the systemd entry](/wiki/linux/systemd.md#run-command-on-boot).
For v4l2loopback create the file `/etc/systemd/system/v4l2loopback.service` containing the
following lines.

View File

@@ -24,4 +24,4 @@ This section is based on a
VIM can hide chunks of text which is called folding.
The basic usage is as follows.
`zf` marks a piece of text foldable and immediately folds.
`zo` opens up a fold - so it unfolds it - and `zc` closes a fold - so it folds.
`zo` opens up a fold so it unfolds it and `zc` closes a fold so it folds.

View File

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
## Setup
On most Linux distributions Watson can be installed with the `watson` package.
On most [Linux distributions](/wiki/linux.md#distributions) Watson can be installed with the
`watson` package.
Additionally, Watson can be installed using Pythons pip package manager.
The pip package is called `td-watson`.
Alternatively it can be installed via [GitHub](https://github.com/TailorDev/Watson).
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ The following section describes various ways of usage of Watson.
Time can be tracked by running the following command.
This example tracks time to a project called `world-domination` and uses the tag `cats` and `dogs`.
Additional tags can be appended or tags can be ommited if not needed.
Additional tags can be appended or tags can be omitted if not needed.
This should be adapted to specific needs.
```sh

View File

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
# Whisper CLI
[Whisper CLI](https://github.com/vatsalaggarwal/whisper-cli) is a non-real-time offline speech
transcription software for [Linux](/wiki/linux.md)-based operating systems which uses the
[Whisper CLI](https://github.com/vatsalaggarwal/whisper-cli) is a non-real-time offline
[speech](/wiki/audio_%28general%29.md) transcription software for [Linux](/wiki/linux.md)-based
operating systems which uses the
[Whisper API](/wiki/speech_recognition_and_synthesis.md#whisper-api).
## Setup
@@ -29,8 +30,8 @@ This section addresses the usage of Whisper CLI.
### Basic Usage
Whisper CLI can be used to transcribe an [audio](/wiki/audio.md) file as shown in the following
command.
Whisper CLI can be used to transcribe an [audio](/wiki/audio_%28general%29.md) file as shown in the
following command.
In this example `<model-path>` is the path to the Whisper model.
```sh

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@@ -32,6 +32,6 @@ Most of the problems regarding WPA Supplicant can be fixed by restarting the
systemctl restart wpa_supplicant
```
Afterward if the error still persists - it may be useful to reenable the Wi-Fi device as explained
Afterward if the error still persists it may be useful to reenable the Wi-Fi device as explained
in the
[section of the NetworkManager entry](/wiki/linux/networkmanager.md#restarting-and-reenabling-wi-fi).

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# X Window System
X Window System - also called X and X11 according to the current version - is a protocol for
X Window System also called X and X11 according to the current version is a protocol for
handling the display of the most Unix-like operating systems.
[X.Org](https://www.x.org/wiki/) is the most used implementation of the X protocol.
It is maintained by the [X.Org Foundation](https://x.org/wiki/).
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ The c-cedilla (`ç`) can be written by chaining compose with `,` and `c`.
The oe-ligature (`œ`) can be written by chaining compose with `o` and `e`.
There are many other diacritics and ligatures that can be written this way.
There are many other typographic symbols that can be written this way - among them
There are many other typographic symbols that can be written this way among them
[quotation marks](#write-typographic-quotation-marks).
##### Write Typographic Quotation Marks
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ or `>` and `>`.
The left-hand single quotation mark (``) can be written by chaining compose with `<` and `'`.
The right-hand single quotation (``) mark can be written by chaining compose with `>` and `'`.
There are many other typographic symbols that can be written this way - among them
There are many other typographic symbols that can be written this way among them
[diacritics and ligatures](#write-diacritics-and-ligatures).
#### Display

View File

@@ -5,11 +5,12 @@ Using xwayland it can also be used for [Wayland](/wiki/linux/wayland.md) systems
## Setup
On most Linux distributions swayidle can be installed with the `xss-lock` package.
On most [Linux distributions](/wiki/linux.md#distributions) swayidle can be installed with the
`xss-lock` package.
## Usage
To run xss-lock it has to be called - preferably after the boot process.
To run xss-lock it has to be called preferably after the boot process.
An example of this will look like the following.
This command makes the system use `swaylock` if the system is put to
[sleep](/wiki/linux/systemd.md#change-suspend-and-hibernate-behavior).