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audio: headphones article detached from audio, added modification section
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wiki/audio.md
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wiki/audio.md
@ -10,21 +10,66 @@ Podcasts need a so called Podcatcher.
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A Podcatcher is used to subscribe to podcasts and download them automatically.
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For Linux specific music software navigate to the corresponding
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[wiki entry](/wiki/linux/audio.md).
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For voice based communication navigate to the [Communication article](/wiki/communication.md) and
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For voice based communication navigate to the [communication article](/wiki/communication.md) and
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the corresponding [VoIP section](/wiki/communication.md#voip).
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For headphones navigate to the [headphones article](/wiki/headphones.md):
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## Headphone/In-Ear Monitor Audio Profiles and Reviews
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## Technical Specifications
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Headphones have different frequency responses.
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[AutoEq](https://github.com/jaakkopasanen/AutoEq/tree/master) can be used to normalize these to a
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harman curve.
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AutoEq also has a [website](https://autoeq.app/) on which headsets can be searched and equalizer
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presets can be exported more easily.
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This section aswell as its subsections address all technical things about audio, like connections,
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cables and devices.
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The most frequently used audio formats are also addressed.
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An extensive list of in-ear monitor reviews was made by crinacle.
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It is called [crinacle's ranking list IEMs & Earphones](https://crinacle.com/rankings/iems/).
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A similar list for headphones was also made by crinacle.
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It is called [crinacle's ranking list Headphones](https://crinacle.com/rankings/headphones/).
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### Balanced & Unbalanced Audio
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Unbalanced audio uses a wire for the positive signal for audio transmission and one for ground.
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This is the most frequently used type of cable bound audio transmission.
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Usually they are connected with jack connections like 3.5mm and 6.25mm.
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Balanced audio uses one wire for the positive signal, one for negative and another one for the
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ground.
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Due to this extra cable a balanced connection can cancel out noise that entered the cable and
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affected both the positive and the negative signal.
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Balanced uses connectors like 4-pin XLR aswell as 2.5mm and 4.4mm jacks
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### Audio Formats and Encoding
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An audio format is an encoding of an audio file.
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There are lossy and lossless formats, the latter not compromising quality for
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smaller file sizes.
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Following is a list of often used formats:
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- wav is an uncompressed lossless format
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- aiff is an uncompressed lossless format
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- [flac](./flac_(codec).md) is a compressed lossless format
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- alac is a compressed lossless format
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- ape is a compressed lossless format
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- mp3 is a compressed lossy codec
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- aac is a compressed lossy codec
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- wma is a compressed lossy codec
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- ac3 is a compressed lossy codec usually found in DVDs
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- dts is a compressed lossy codec usually found in DVDs
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Music files can either be encoded lossy or lossless.
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Lossless formats can be converted from and to each other without loosing
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information.
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Lossless formats can also be converted to lossy formats to make the files
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smaller and save space.
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Files should not be converted to lossy formats more than once.
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Additionally lossy formats should not be converted to lossless formats as it
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increases the file size without adding any audio information.
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These not recommended conversions are called bad conversions.
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### Cue Files
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`.cue` files act as a table of contents for a CD rip.
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These can be created when the
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[audio of a CD is extracted](#extract-audio-files-from-cds).
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Usually this appears together with a single file for the whole CD.
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The audio file can then be split according to the `.cue` file.
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For splitting of `.flac` files on a Linux system check the
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[a flac (package) entry](/wiki/linux/flac_(package).md#splitting-flac-file-according-to-cue-file)
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for further informations.
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## Media Software
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@ -61,37 +106,12 @@ The corresponding client software is handled in the server softwares wiki entry.
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It is self-hostable and can be dockerized.
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It has a web-interface and does not feature client software.
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## Audio Formats
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## Digitalizing and Analyzing Physical Mediums
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An audio format is an encoding of an audio file.
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There are lossy and lossless formats, the latter not compromising quality for
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smaller file sizes.
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Following is a list of often used formats:
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This section focusses on physical audio mediums like CDs, their digitalization to a digital audio
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file of [specific format](#audio-formats-and-encoding) and conversions between them.
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- wav is an uncompressed lossless format
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- aiff is an uncompressed lossless format
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- [flac](./flac_(codec).md) is a compressed lossless format
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- alac is a compressed lossless format
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- ape is a compressed lossless format
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- mp3 is a compressed lossy codec
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- aac is a compressed lossy codec
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- wma is a compressed lossy codec
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- ac3 is a compressed lossy codec usually found in DVDs
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- dts is a compressed lossy codec usually found in DVDs
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### Lossy and Lossless Formats and Their Conversion
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Music files can either be encoded lossy or lossless.
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Lossless formats can be converted from and to each other without loosing
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information.
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Lossless formats can also be converted to lossy formats to make the files
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smaller and save space.
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Files should not be converted to lossy formats more than once.
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Additionally lossy formats should not be converted to lossless formats as it
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increases the file size without adding any audio information.
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These not recommended conversions are called bad conversions.
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#### Detect Bad Conversions
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### Detect Bad Conversions
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The bitrate, format and the sample rate can be usually checked with simple
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tools.
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@ -99,7 +119,7 @@ For Linux a simple software solution for this is the `file` command.
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Running it will display these features of a given audio file.
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This will however only display the format features.
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Bad convserions as described in
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[the previous section](#lossy-and-lossless-formats-and-their-conversion) can not
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[the previous section](#audio-formats-and-encoding) can not
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be detected by this.
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A spectral analysis can detect bad conversions.
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For this a audio analyzer like
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@ -112,7 +132,7 @@ If the frequency extends up to at least 22kHz the file is lossless for sure.
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If the frequency is cut before and the file is encoded in a lossless file it has
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undergone a bad conversion and is not really lossless.
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## Extract Audio Files from CDs
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### Extract Audio Files from CDs
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You can convert your CDs to files on your computer.
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This way you don't have to search for your CDs all the time.
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@ -127,20 +147,20 @@ This way you don't have to search for your CDs all the time.
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- [MusicBrainz Picard](./picard.md) for linux is a
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graphical user interface for tagging files of many different formats.
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## Analysis of Different Versions of an Album
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### Analysis of Different Versions of an Album
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While deciding on what version of an album is the best visit
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[Dynamic Range DB](https://dr.loudness-war.info).
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It shows dynamic range scorings of each version.
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## Get Additional Data to an Album/Single
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### Get Additional Data to an Album/Single
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If additional information for an album is needed, visit
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[Discogs](https://www.discogs.com).
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Discogs has tracklists, dates and more information to nearly all versions of
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albums and singles.
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## Naming Convention
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### Naming Convention
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It is suggested to place the audio files in a directory named after the album they
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belong to.
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@ -150,18 +170,7 @@ Files can be named in the following scheme:
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- music: `[<discnumber>.]<tracknumber>._<artist>_-_<title>`
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- audiobooks: `[<discnumber>.]<tracknumber>._<artist>_-_<album>_<tracknumber>`
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## Cue Files
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`.cue` files act as a table of contents for a CD rip.
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These can be created when the
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[audio of a CD is extracted](#extract-audio-files-from-cds).
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Usually this appears together with a single file for the whole CD.
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The audio file can then be split according to the `.cue` file.
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For splitting of `.flac` files on a Linux system check the
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[a flac (package) entry](/wiki/linux/flac_(package).md#splitting-flac-file-according-to-cue-file)
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for further informations.
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## Scoring Music
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### Scoring Music
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Scoring music has moved more and more into the computer realm.
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An easy and intuitive software that can be used for this is
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26
wiki/headphones.md
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26
wiki/headphones.md
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@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
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# Headphones
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Headphones are a pair of drivers that converts electronic signals into [audio](/wiki/audio.md).
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Headphones are available in different forms: for example headphones and in-ear monitors.
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All types are addressed in this article.
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## Audio Profiles and Reviews
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Headphones have different frequency responses.
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[AutoEq](https://github.com/jaakkopasanen/AutoEq/tree/master) can be used to normalize these to a
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harman curve.
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AutoEq also has a [website](https://autoeq.app/) on which headsets can be searched and equalizer
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presets can be exported more easily.
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An extensive list of in-ear monitor reviews was made by crinacle.
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It is called [crinacle's ranking list IEMs & Earphones](https://crinacle.com/rankings/iems/).
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A similar list for headphones was also made by crinacle.
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It is called [crinacle's ranking list Headphones](https://crinacle.com/rankings/headphones/).
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## Modifications
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Headphones can be modified.
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The most done modifications include detachable cables or a balanced conversion.
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An example for a detachable cable mod aswell as a balanced conversion can be found in
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[a video by Custom Cans](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhieszLgGbM) on
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[YouTube](/wiki/youtube.md).
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