wiki/system-software/arch-linux/installation.md

# Arch installation with LUKS encryption and LVM

This is the English version of the [German installation guide on rvbg.eu](https://wiki.rvbg.eu/#arch/installation.md).
This guide is based upon a [german arch wiki entry](https://wiki.archlinux.de/title/Moderne_Installation_mit_UEFI_und_Verschlüsselung).

At the end of this guide a fully functional Arch Linux will be installed.

## 1. Preparation

Ahead of the installation an Arch boot-stick has to be created. The iso-file can be found on the [official website](https://www.archlinux.org/download/).
The iso can be written on an USB-stick using ```dd```.
After that the USB can be plugged in the system on which Arch should be installed.
Boot the target system and select ```Boot Arch Linux (x86_64)```.

If you need to set the keyboard layout to anything other than english you can temporarily do so by using the ```loadkeys``` command.
This has to be followed by your country id (for example a german keyboard layout would be ```de```,```de-latin1``` or ```de-latin1-nodeadkeys```.

## 2. Formatting of the target drive

Using ```lsblk``` you can list all the drives and partitions.
Select a drive to install Arch on.
In this step you can see if old partitions need to be deleted.
For reasons of simplicity the following guide will assume the selected drive to be ```/dev/sda```.

### Clear disk completely:

This step can take quite a while especially for large drives.

- `dd status=progress if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda`

Now all partitions should be removed.

### Create new partitions:

If you miss click during the progress of the following commands you can press ```CTRL+C``` to close the program.
No changes will be made until the confirmation at the end.
The swap partition will be created later under lvm.

- `gdisk /dev/sda`
- `N` - Create a new empty partition table
- `↵ Enter` - Create a partition
- `↵ Enter` - Confirm first sector
- `+512M` - Assign size of 512 MB for the first partition
- `ef00` - Make the partition bootable
- `n` - Create a second partition
- `↵ Enter` - Confirm creation of partition
- `↵ Enter` - Confirm first sector
- `↵ Enter` - Confirm last sector
- `↵ Enter` - Confirm partition type
- `P` - Show created partitions
- `W` - Save all changes
- `Y` - Confirm saving changes

## 3. Encryption

We need to find out which partitions is the one we want to encrypt.
Using ```blkid | grep /dev/sda``` all partitions we created get listed.
The right partition has the label ```Linux filesystem```.
For this guide this partition is assumed to be ```/dev/sda2```.

- `modprobe dm-crypt` - load kernelmodule for encryption
- `cryptsetup -c aes-xts-plain -y -s 512 luksFormat /dev/sda2` - encryption
- confirm with ```YES```
- Now you can assign a passphrase.
The passphrase has to be entered at boot to decrypt the system.
Recovering of this passphrase is **not** possible.

## 4. Setup LVM

- `cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sda2 lvm` - Opening encrypted partition and mapping it to ```/dev/mapper/lvm```
- `pvcreate /dev/mapper/lvm` - Create a LVM physical volume
- `vgcreate main /dev/mapper/lvm` - Create LVM Volume Group
- `lvcreate -L 16G -n swap main` - Create Swap in LVM (recommended: swap size is equal to ram size)
- `lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n root main` - Create LVM Logical Volume for /

## 5. Create filesystems and mounting them temporarily

We have to find out which partition is our boot-partition.
Using ```blkid | grep /dev/sda``` once again, we can identify it by looking for the ```EFI system partition``` label.
The guide assumes this partition to be at ```/dev/sda1```.

- ```mkfs.fat -F 32 -n UEFI /dev/sda1``` - Assign filesystem of EFI partition
- ```mkfs.ext4 -L root /dev/mapper/main-root``` - Assign filesystem of root partition
- ```mkswap /dev/mapper/main-swap``` - Assign swap filesystem

Now the created filesystems will be mounted for the installation.

- `mount /dev/mapper/main-root /mnt` - Mounting root partition
- `mkdir /mnt/boot`
- `mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot` - Mount EFI partition
- `swapon /dev/mapper/main-swap` - Mounting swap partition

## 6. Prepare base installation (optional)

In this step the country specific mirrorserver for the installation will be configured.
This will improve the download speed.

- `cp /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist.bak` - Create a backup of mirrorlist
- `grep -E -A 1 ".*Germany.*$" /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist.bak | sed '/--/d' > /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist` - Example command to only use *German* mirrors
- `cat /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist` - Check if the file is to your liking. If it is not, you can just recover by using ```mirrorlist.bak```

## 7. Starting base installation

- `pacstrap /mnt base base-devel dosfstools gptfdisk lvm2 linux linux-firmware networkmanager vim` - Installation of main system with needed tools
- `pacstrap /mnt wpa\_supplicant wireless\_tools` - (optional) installation of wireless tools
- `genfstab -Up /mnt > /mnt/etc/fstab` - creation of fstab
- `arch-chroot /mnt` - Switch into the newly installed system
- `echo ArchLinux > /etc/hostname` - Assign hostname. ```ArchLinux``` can be changed for any name of your preference.

## 8. Set Region and Language

- `echo LANG=en\_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf` - Assign system Language to be english (you can use other languages, look into the ```/etc/locale.conf``` for a list of all available languages)
- `vim /etc/locale.gen` - Assigning system language by uncomment the lines depending on your needs.
In this example:
```
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
```
- `locale-gen` - Generate languages
- if you need any other keymap than english you can change it now for example to German by `localectl --no-convert set-keymap de-latin1-nodeadkeys`.
- `localectl status` - Check if the layout is right
- `tzselect` - Set region

# 9. Configure and create kernel-image

- `vim /etc/mkinitcpio.conf`
	- Search the line `MODULES=()` and change it to:
	`MODULES=(ext4)`
	- Search the line `HOOKS=([...])` and change it to:
	`HOOKS=(base udev autodetect modconf block keyboard keymap encrypt lvm2 filesystems fsck shutdown)`
- `mkinitcpio -p linux` - generate Kernel-Image

## 10. Install and configure UEFI bootloader

- `bootctl install` - Prepare bootloader
- `ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid` - find out the UUID
- `lsblk -no UUID /dev/sda2 | head -n1 > /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf` - print the UUID in your configuration file
- `vim /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf` - Create configuration
	-	Change the config to look similar to this:
		```
		title    Arch Linux
		linux    /vmlinuz-linux
		initrd   /initramfs-linux.img
		options  cryptdevice=UUID=<enter your uuid here>:lvm:allow-discards root=/dev/mapper/main-root:lvm:allow-discards resume=/dev/mapper/main-swap rw quiet lang=de init=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd locale=de_DE.UTF-8
		```
- `cp /boot/loader/entries/arch-fallback.conf` - Create a fallback
- `vim /boot/loader/entries/arch-fallback.conf` - Edit the file
	-	change the file to look similar to this:
		```
		title    Arch Linux
		linux    /vmlinuz-linux
		initrd   /initramfs-linux.img
		options  cryptdevice=UUID=<enter your uuid here>:lvm:allow-discards root=/dev/mapper/main-root:lvm:allow-discards resume=/dev/mapper/main-swap rw quiet lang=de init=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd locale=de_DE.UTF-8
		```
- `vim /boot/loader/loader.conf` - Create loader configuration
	-	Insert the following text
		```
		timeout 1
		default arch
		```
## 11. Finishing base installation

- `exit` - exit the installed system
- `umount /mnt/{boot,}` - unmount all partitions
- `shutdown now` - shutdown device
- Now remove the Arch boot-stick
- Start the device again

If the system is installed in a virtual environment or a system with deactivated UEFI, don't forget to enable the EFI option, otherwise the system won't boot.

## 12. Activate network connection

- Log in as ```root``` user
- `systemctl enable NetworkManager.service` - Activate NetworkManager
- `systemctl enable wpa\_supplicant.service` - (Optional) activate wpa_supplicant
- `systemctl start NetworkManager.service` - Start NetworkManager

The device should connect to the internet if it is connected via LAN.
Using ```nmtui``` you can administer the wired and wireless connections

## 13. Automatic time settings

- `pacman -Syu ntp` - Installing time service
- `ntpd -qg` - Get current time
- `hwclock --systohc` - Synchronize hardware clock
- `systemctl enable ntpd.service` - enable time service

## 14. Create user

- `vim /etc/sudoers` - Open sudoers file
	-	uncomment the following lines
		```
		%whell All=(ALL) ALL
		```
- `useradd -m user` - Create a user with ```user``` as name. For the user a home directory will be created.
- `usermod -aG wheel user` - Add user ```user``` to wheel group
- `passwd -d user` - Remove password for user ```user```
- `logout` - logout from root
- log in as the newly created user

On the freshly installed system there are 2 users.
Make sure to set the password!
You can add one using ```passwd```.

## 15. Install yay

- `sudo pacman -S git` - install git
- `cd /opt`
- `sudo git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/yay-git.git` - Clone the yay git repository
- `sudo chown -R user:user yay-git` - Change owner
- `cd yay-git`
- `makepkg -si` - Start installation

## 16. Activate sound

- `yay -S alsa-utils pulseaudio-alsa`

The volume can be changed with `alsamixer`.

## Changelog and versions
> 03.04.2020 - Version 1.1en (based on 03.04.2020 - Version 1.1)
>
> 05.04.2020 - Version 2.1en (based on 05.04.2020 - Version 2.1)